纺织用酸性蛋白酶的性质及其在羊毛处理中的应用

以蛋白酶水解羊毛的能力来衡量自制酸性蛋白酶的活力，对自制酸性蛋白酶的性质及其在羊毛细化处理中的应用进行研究。发现所用酸性蛋白酶最适作用温度为40℃，最适作用pH值为3．0；一些金属离子在一定条件下可提高蛋白酶的活力，促进蛋白酶对羊毛纤维的减量细化．除温度、pH值外，酶用量、浴比、表面活性剂JFC的用量对蛋白酶水解羊毛的效果也有一定的影响。用所制得的酸性蛋白酶处理64支内蒙古羊毛的最佳条件为温度40℃，pH值3．0，酶用量4％，浴比1：25．JFC0．9％。     

海洋碱性蛋白酶性质研究及其在羊毛加工中的初步应用

文章对一种新型海洋碱性蛋白酶的部分性质及其简单应用做了初步的研究。实验结果表明:该蛋白酶的最适pH值为9,最适作用温度为50℃,在温度低于35℃时该酶可以较好地保持酶活性,在pH值6～10的区间内也可以保持良好的酶稳定性。该酶对金属离子的耐受能力较强,Cu2+对该酶活有激活作用,与常见的增稠剂及化学试剂配伍性良好。在处理羊毛方面,该蛋白酶可以较好的水解磷脂层,而对皮质层的损害比较轻微,表现出良好的处理羊毛特性及发展潜力。     

生物技术产物(HFS)对酸性蛋白酶酶活的影响

探讨生物技术产物HFS对537酸性蛋白酶活力的影响,测定了该酶的最适反应条件(最适温度为55℃,最适pH3),较系统考察了HFS对537酸性蛋白酶温度作用曲线和pH作用曲线的影响。试验结果表明,生物技术产物HFS对537酸性蛋白酶具有较好的激活作用,且不改变酶的最适反应条件。     

草鱼消化道粗蛋白酶的部分性质

用丙酮脱脂然后用磷酸盐缓冲溶液从草鱼肠道中提取一种主要含有酸性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶的粗蛋白酶。该粗酶水解血红蛋白的最适pH=3～4，水解酪蛋白的最适pH值有2个，分别为pH4．4和PH10．3。水解牛血红蛋白的最适作用温度为37℃，水解酪蛋白的最适作用温度为45℃。酸性蛋白酶在50℃保温30min后只有大约20％的最初活性被保留，而要使碱性蛋白酶丧失80％的最初活力需要在60℃保温30min。     

WS中性蛋白酶羊毛减量处理

通过实验确定羊毛WS中性蛋白酶处理的工艺参数.实验中使用的WS中性蛋白酶在很宽的pH值范围内对羊毛具有减量活性,以中性附近活性较大且作用稳定.该酶对羊毛的减量处理,预处理氧化是必要的步骤之一.预处理氧化时间与羊毛的减量率有密切关系,随着预处理时间的延长,减量率增大,2h后增大趋势变小,而且纤维手感变粗糙.不同的酶具有不同的适宜温度,虽然60℃左右酶有最高的活力,但在这一温度下,酶的活力会较快地降低,一般选择50℃左右较为安全.经过氧化和酶处理后,羊毛的细度变细,回潮率有一定程度的提高,强力及其他各项性能有所下降.     

日本曲霉酸性蛋白酶的分泌表达、性质及其在猪肉嫩化中的应用

为研究日本曲霉酸性蛋白酶的分泌表达、性质及其在猪肉嫩化中的应用。将日本曲霉来源的酸性蛋白酶基因(AjproA1)在毕赤酵母中高效表达,经5L发酵罐高密度发酵后测得该酸性蛋白酶酶活力为669.6U·mL^-1,蛋白质量浓度为6.64mg·mL^-1。氨基酸多重序列比对结果表明:该酸性蛋白酶属于天冬氨酸蛋白酶A1家族,与海枣曲霉来源的酸性蛋白酶同源性最高(73%),是一个新型的酸性蛋白酶。采用强阴离子交换层析柱对该酸性蛋白酶进行纯化得到电泳级纯酶,纯化后分析测得该重组酸性蛋白酶(AjproA1)的最适催化条件为pH值3.0,反应温度为45℃,在pH值为3.0~6.0及温度为40℃以下具有良好的稳定性。该酸性蛋白酶对不同蛋白质水解的分析结果表明,该酶底物水解特异性广泛,对酪蛋白组分中的κ-酪蛋白表现出最高水解活力。利用该酸性蛋白酶对猪肉进行处理,发现该酶能够有效降低猪肉剪切力,起到嫩化效果。研究结果旨在为新型酸性蛋白酶的开发及其在肉类嫩化中的应用提供理论参考。     

转谷氨酰胺酶用于羊毛改性中的修复作用

文章研究了转谷氨酰胺酶(TG酶)浓度、处理时间、pH值和温度4因素对TG酶修复羊毛性能的影响.确定TG酶的最佳工艺条件为:浓度4%(owf),处理时间2h,pH值6.5～7.0,处理温度37～40℃.经蛋白酶与TG酶处理过的纱线,与只经蛋白酶处理的纱线相比,强力能明显提高.文章还分析了TG酶对羊毛的修复机理.     

枯草芽孢杆菌B.SUBT12酶学性质研究

考察分离得到的一株产中性蛋白酶枯草芽孢杆菌B.SUBT12最适作用温度、pH值以及温度、pH值、金属离子和表面活性剂对酶稳定性的影响。试验研究表明:该酶最适作用温度为55℃,最适作用pH为7.5,酶在55℃反应45min仍有50%的酶活力,热稳定性较好。金属Ca2+和表面活性剂Tween-80对酶有一定的激活作用,但激活作用不显著。     

酒曲中高蛋白酶产生菌筛选及酶学性质研究

利用脱脂牛奶平板法从宋河酒曲中分离得到6株有明显水解圈的蛋白酶产生菌,其中水解圈直径与菌落直径之比最大为8.84,经鉴定为芽孢杆菌。以此菌种通过发酵培养提取出粗酶液,然后对该蛋白酶的酶学性质进行研究。试验表明,该蛋白酶的最适酶活力温度为40℃,在40℃～50℃热稳定性较好;该蛋白酶最适pH值为11.0,在pH值为9.0～11.0稳定性较好,在pH6.0条件下酶活力很快丧失;金属离子Fe2+对该蛋白酶有激活作用,Cu2+、Zn2+和Pb+有抑制作用,Mg2+、Ca2+和Li+对该蛋白酶酶活性影响不大。     

TG酶在修复羊毛损伤中的应用

为了减少羊毛蛋白酶防毡缩造成的损伤,应用TG酶对羊毛织物进行整理,研究TG酶对羊毛损伤的修复作用。结果表明：TG 酶可以修复化学预处理和蛋白酶防毡缩处理对羊毛造成的损伤,使羊毛织物强力增加,碱溶度下降。TG酶可以催化羊毛纤维蛋白质分子内的交联。羊毛的蛋白酶/TG酶联合防毡缩的最佳工艺为: 蛋白酶Sav用量1%（o.w.f.）, 蛋白酶Sav作用时间30min,pH值8~9;TG酶用量2%（o.w.f.）,TG酶作用时间50min,pH值6~7;浴比均为20:1,温度均为50℃,该工艺处理后羊毛织物的毡缩率为2.93%, 强力380.4N,强力损伤控制在7.4%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.