可食性复合涂膜保鲜剂对延长鲜切苹果货架期的研究

本文主要研究了可食性涂膜剂与抗褐变剂复配后对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果。研究表明:25℃条件下,苹果切块经卡拉胶(0.5%)涂膜剂和乳清浓缩蛋白WPC(5%)涂膜剂处理后,其呼吸强度可分别降低5%和20%。在可食性涂膜剂中添加不同的抗褐变剂对苹果切块有良好的护色效果,添加1%CaCl2可增加产品的硬度,同时这些复合保鲜剂可提高苹果切块的感官指标和抑制微生物繁殖,而5%WPC涂膜液+1%CaCl2+1%抗坏血酸复合液浸泡苹果切块,3℃条件下贮藏2w后保鲜效果最佳。     

Machine Vision Analysis of Antibrowning Potency for Oxalic Acid: A Comparative Investigation on Banana and Apple

ABSTRACT: Relative antibrowning potency of oxalic acid on banana and apple slices was investigated using a machine vision system. Degree of browning on fresh-cut surfaces was evaluated visually and quantitatively by observing changes of CIE L * values and evaluating temporal changes in color spectra based on experimental variables, oxalic acid concentration, and storage time. Browning inhibition was most prominent on banana and apple slices treated with oxalic acid solutions at concentrations of 60 and 5 m M , respectively. Oxalic acid was a more potent antibrowning agent compared with other structurally related acids. Average residual oxalic acid levels in the tissues for an effective antibrowning activity were measured.     

Effect of cassava starch coating on quality and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merril cv "Pérola")

This research studied the influence of treatment with ascorbic acid, citric acid, and calcium lactate dipping and cassava starch edible coatings on quality parameters and shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple in slices during 12 d at 5 °C. After previous tests, the treatments selected for this study were samples dipped into antibrowning solution with 0.5% of ascorbic acid and 1% of citric acid, with and without 2% of calcium lactate and coated with 2% of cassava starch suspensions. Changes in weight loss, juice leakage, mechanical properties (stress at failure), color parameters (L* and H*), ascorbic acid content, sensory acceptance, and microbial growth of fruits were evaluated. Samples only treated with antibrowning agents were used as control. Edible coatings with and without calcium lactate were efficient in reducing weight loss, juice leakage, and maintaining firmness during storage. However, these samples showed more browning and the ascorbic acid content was reduced. All treatments presented good sensory acceptance (scores above 6). The determining factor of shelf life of pineapple slices was the microbial spoilage. A shelf life of 8 d was obtained for pineapple slices only treated with antibrowning agents. On the other hand, coated samples showed a reduced shelf life of 7 d and higher yeast and mold growth. Thus, although cassava starch coatings were efficient in reducing respiration rate, weight loss, and juice leakage and maintained mechanical properties, these treatments were not able to increase the shelf life of minimally processed pineapple. Practical Application: Pineapple fruit is highly appreciated for its aroma, flavor, and juiciness, but its immediate consumption is difficult. Therefore, pineapple is a potential fruit for minimal processing. However, shelf life of fresh-cut pineapple is very limited by changes in color, texture, appearance, off-flavors, and microbial growth. The use of edible coatings as gas and water vapor barrier and antibrowning agents can extend the storage time and maintain the quality of fresh-cut produce. Cassava starch and alginate coatings are alternative to preserve minimally processed pineapples without changing the quality parameters of fresh fruit. Thus, this study is useful for consumers and fresh-cut industry interested in knowing factors affecting shelf life and quality of fresh-cut pineapple.     

Inhibition of Browning on Fresh-cut Pear Wedges by Natural Compounds

ABSTRACT: Mechanical operations such as peeling and cutting during minimal processing involve enzymatic browning of fruit tissue. The objective of this work was to evaluate the individual and combined effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, reduced glutathione, ascorbic acid, and 4-hexylresorcinol to control pear browning. Browning of fresh-cut pears was prevented by a minimum concentration of 0.75% N-acetyl-L-cysteine up to 28 d at 4°C. Reduced glutathione treatments were also effective along the storage time although browning was observed after 21 d of storage with a dip of 0.75% reduced glutathione. However, ascorbic acid or 4-hexylresorcinol treatments did not seem to completely prevent browning of pear wedges throughout the storage period. An enhanced antibrowning effect was observed when combining both N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione, considering hue angle as color change index. Thus, hue angle reached maximum levels at 1.5% N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or 1.5% glutathione (GSH) and 1% NAC with 1% GSH for 28 d. Besides, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, reduced glutathione and 4-hexylresorcinol completely inhibited polyphenol oxidase activity as well as browning inhibitors slightly reduced firmness of fresh-cut pears.     

热处理结合γ-氨基丁酸对鲜切苹果生理特性和品质的影响

为提高鲜切苹果贮藏期的品质,本文以富士苹果为材料,研究了45 ℃水整果浸泡(2 min)、果实鲜切后γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)处理(1.5%,10 min)及热处理结合GABA对贮藏期间苹果切片品质的影响。结果表明:4 ℃贮藏8 d时,对照组苹果切片感官品质下降迅速,可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量降低,L*值降低,BI值升高,褐变明显发生,多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,DPPH自由基清除率下降,贮藏后期MDA大量积累。与对照相比,热处理、GABA处理及热处理结合GABA均获得较高的感官评分,抑制了果肉可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的下降,保持较高的L*值,减轻褐变的发生,提高了总酚含量,抑制了多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性上升,减少了抗氧化物质的损失,保持较高的DPPH清除率,并减轻了MDA积累,其中,以热处理结合GABA效果最好。     

氧化白藜芦醇对鲜切苹果及果汁褐变的影响

为研究氧化白藜芦醇(oxyresveratrol,OXY)对苹果褐变的抑制作用,采用不同浓度的OXY对鲜切苹果、苹果汁进行处理,探讨在不同储藏阶段切片色度和果汁褐变度变化情况及OXY对苹果汁内多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的影响。结果表明:OXY可改善苹果切片的感官品质,显著延缓切片L*值的降低(P<0.05),抑制a*、b*、ΔE值的升高(P<0.05)。同时,OXY还能显著降低苹果汁褐变度(P<0.05),显著抑制苹果汁内PPO和POD活性(P<0.05)。综上,OXY能有效抑制鲜切苹果片及苹果汁褐变,其作用机制可能是通过抑制苹果内PPO和POD活性实现。     

Isolation of tyrosinase inhibitors from Artocarpus heterophyllus and use of its extract as antibrowning agent

A new furanoflavone, 7-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy propan-2-yl)-2, 3-dihydrofuro(3, 2-g)chromen-5-one (artocarpfuranol, 1), together with 14 known compounds, dihydromorin (2), steppogenin (3), norartocarpetin (4), artocarpanone (5), artocarpesin (6), artocarpin (7), cycloartocarpin (8), cycloartocarpesin (9), artocarpetin (10), brosimone I (11), cudraflavone B (12), carpachromene (13), isoartocarpesin (14), and cyanomaclurin (15) were isolated from the wood of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Their structures were identified by interpretation of MS,( 1)H-NMR,( 13)C-NMR, HMQC, and HMBC spectroscopic data. Among them, compounds 1-6 and 14 showed strong mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC(50) values lower than 50 microM, more potent than kojic acid (IC(50) = 71.6 microM), a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor. In addition, extract of A. heterophyllus was evaluated for its antibrowning effect on fresh-cut apple slices. It was discovered that fresh-cut apple slices treated by dipping in solution of 0.03 or 0.05% of A. heterophyllus extract with 0.5% ascorbic acid did not undergo any substantial browning reaction after storage at room temperature for 24 h. The antibrowning effect was significantly better than samples treated with the extract (0.03 or 0.05%) or ascorbic acid (0.5%) alone. The results provide preliminary evidence supporting the potential of this natural extract as antibrowning agent in food systems.     

Antibrowning and Antimicrobial Properties of Sodium Acid Sulfate in Apple Slices

ABSTRACT: There are few available compounds that can both control browning and enhance microbial safety of fresh‐cut fruits. In the present study, the antibrowning ability of sodium acid sulfate (SAS) on “Granny Smith” apple slices was first investigated in terms of optimum concentration and treatment time. In a separate experiment, the apple slices were treated with water or 3% of SAS, calcium ascorbate, citric acid, or acidified calcium sulfate for 5 min. Total plate count, color, firmness, and tissue damage were assessed during a 21‐d storage at 4 °C. Results showed that the efficacy of SAS in inhibiting browning of apple slices increased with increasing concentration. A minimum 3% of SAS was needed to achieve 14 d of shelf life. Firmness was not significantly affected by SAS at 3% or lower concentrations. Antibrowning potential of SAS was similar for all treatment times ranging from 2 to 10 min. However, SAS caused some skin discoloration of apple slices. When cut surface of apple slices were stained with a fluorescein diacetate solution, tissue damage could be observed under a microscope even though visual damage was not evident. Among the antibrowning agents tested, SAS was the most effective in inhibiting browning and microbial growth for the first 14 d. Total plate count of samples treated with 3% SAS was significantly lower than those treated with calcium ascorbate, a commonly used antibrowning agent. Our results suggested that it is possible to use SAS to control browning while inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the apple slices if the skin damage can be minimized. Practical Application: Fresh‐cut apples have emerged as one of the popular products in restaurants, schools, and food service establishments as more consumers demand fresh, convenient, and nutritious foods. Processing of fresh‐cut apples induces mechanical damage to the fruit and exposes apple tissue to air, resulting in the development of undesirable tissue browning. The fresh‐cut industry currently uses antibrowning agents to prevent discoloration. However, the antibrowning solutions can become contaminated with human pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes, and washing of apple slices with the contaminated solutions can result in the transfer of pathogens to the product. It would be ideal if an antibrowning compound prevented the proliferation of human pathogens in solutions and minimized the growth of pathogens during storage. The study was conducted to investigate antibrowning and antimicrobial properties of sodium acid sulfate (SAS) in comparison with other common antibrowning agents on Granny Smith apples. Results showed that among the antimicrobial agents we tested, SAS was the most effective in inhibiting browning and microbial growth for 14 d at 4 °C. However, SAS caused some skin discoloration of apple slices. Overall, SAS can potentially be used to inhibit tissue browning while reducing the microbial growth on apple slices. The information is useful for the fresh‐cut produce industry to enhance microbial safety of fresh‐cut apples while minimizing browning, thus increasing the consumption of the health benefiting fresh fruit.     

抗坏血酸与壳聚糖处理对鲜切香芋贮藏效果的研究

以湖南香芋头为试材,研究不同浓度抗坏血酸与壳聚糖处理对鲜切香芋的贮藏效果及生理生化变化的影响。结果表明,在15℃贮藏温度下,与对照相比,0、1.0、5.0、10.0g/L 抗坏血酸(VC)分别与15.0g/L 壳聚糖配合处理较好地保持了鲜切香芋的外观和营养,减少鲜切香芋的失重率和褐变度,并抑制多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)和淀粉酶的活性。其中,5.0g/L 抗坏血酸与壳聚糖配合处理的保鲜效果最明显。     

紫外线照射与柠檬酸处理对鲜切苹果的保鲜作用

目的研究柠檬酸、紫外线照射、柠檬酸和紫外线照射联合处理对鲜切苹果生理生化的影响。方法以富士苹果为实验材料,分成4组,分别是0.5%柠檬酸(CA)溶液中浸泡5 min、紫外照射(UV)5 min/面、0.5%柠檬酸溶液中浸泡5 min+紫外照射(CA+UV)5 min/面、不处理的对照组(KB)。分别于0、1、3、5、7、10、13、15 d测定鲜切苹果的色差、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性。结果富士苹果经过切分后,褐变严重。PPO、POD活性升高,PAL活性变化曲折,总体呈上升趋势。柠檬酸、紫外、柠檬酸和紫外联合处理的3三种处理方式都可以抑制鲜切苹果的褐变,降低PPO、POD、PAL的活性。在4种处理方法比较中,柠檬酸和紫外联合处理的效果比较好。结论柠檬酸和紫外联合处理是鲜切苹果的理想的保鲜方法。     

Using antibrowning agents to enhance quality and safety of fresh-cut avocado treated with intense light pulses

The effect of antibrowning compounds on the color and firmness of fresh-cut avocado treated with intense light pulses (ILP), as well as their impact on the survival of Listeria innocua, was investigated in this study. Dipping solutions containing 2% (w/v) L-cysteine without ascorbic acid and combined with 1% (w/v) citric acid and 1% w/v calcium lactate most effectively preserved the initial color and texture of ILP-treated fresh-cut avocado. On the other hand, ILP treatments caused a reduction of more than 3 log cycles in the populations of L. innocua inoculated on fresh-cut avocado. Log reduction levels increased when antibrowning agents were combined with ILP treatments. In conclusion, the use of quality-stabilizing agents is a good option to guarantee both the microbiological safety of fresh-cut avocado treated with ILP as well as to improve its physical and chemical quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Intense light pulses (ILP) have received considerable attention during the last years after its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996 as a decontamination method for food or food surfaces. This article presents relevant information regarding the effect of ILP treatments combined with quality-stabilizing compounds as a feasible alternative to improve the physical and chemical quality of fresh-cut avocado as well as to guarantee its microbiological safety.     

VARIOUS ANTIBROWNING AGENTS AND GREEN TEA EXTRACT DURING PROCESSING AND STORAGE

The production of bottled green tea beverage has encountered a browning problem mainly caused by the autoxidation of flavanols (catechins). Five antibrowning agents, ascorbic acid, kojic acid, citric acid, L-cysteine, and glutathione, were tested for their effectiveness on preventing the color changes of green tea extract during processing and storage. One-tenth percent of the antibrowning agents were individually added to the freshly prepared green tea extracts, heat processed at 121C for 1 min, and then stored in a 50C oven for up to 12 days. Samples of fresh, processed, and stored tea extracts were measured for their color maintenance and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) content to compare the antibrowning and antioxidant effects of these agents, respectively. Results indicated that the antibrowning activity and antioxidant effect of individual agents often did not correlate with each other, but citric acid showed both significant antibrowning and antioxidant effects on green tea extract.     

Antibrowning activity of MRPs in enzyme and fresh-cut apple slice models

The present study examined various types of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) for their inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase. Results showed that monosaccharide–GSH (glutathione) but not polysaccharide–GSH derived MRPs were more active than GSH in inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase. However, in fresh-cut apple slice model, surprisingly GSH performed much better than sucrose–GSH derived MRPs when the apple slices were stored at room temperature for 24 h. Further time-course study did find deterioration in tyrosinase mushroom inhibitory activity of sugar–GSH derived MRPs over time, suggesting the formed tyrosinase inhibitors in MRPs are unstable. Different combinations of chemical agents with sucrose–GSH derived MRPs were also investigated on apple slices. A synergistic effect was observed when sucrose–GSH derived MRPs (3.125 mM) were applied in combination with 0.5% ascorbic acid. Apart from instability of principal inhibitors, observation of an unpleasant odor from apple slices treated with MRPs raised another concern about the probable negative impact of these inhibitors on the sensory quality of food products. Our research indicates the limited application of MRPs as antibrowning agents for food products.     

Quality of Fresh-cut Apple Slices as Affected by Low-dose Ionizing Radiation and Calcium Ascorbate Treatment

ABSTRACT: Although ionizing radiation effectively inactivates food-borne bacterial pathogens in fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, it may adversely affect product quality. In this study, the effects of calcium ascorbate (CaA) and ionizing radiation on quality of 'Gala' apple slices under modified atmosphere packaging were investigated. 'Gala' apple slices, treated with water or 7% CaA followed by either nonirradiation (0 kGy) or irradiation at 0.5 and 1.0 kGy, were stored at 10°C for up to 3 wk. The titratable acidity, pH, firmness, ascorbic acid content, color, and microflora population were measured weekly throughout storage. Irradiation did not affect titratable acidity and pH of sliced apples. Fruit slices softened during irradiation and storage, but this decrease in firmness during storage was reduced by the CaA treatment. Although the ascorbic acid content of apple slices treated with CaA decreased rapidly during storage, the ascorbic acid content was always higher in those treated samples than in the apple slices treated with water. Irradiation decreased both L * and hue values of apple slices. Hue values decreased during the entire storage period while L * increased during the 1st wk of storage, then decreased between 1 to 3 wk of storage. CaA increased L * and hue values of apple slices, suggesting CaA reduced browning, even in irradiated samples. The microflora population of apples slices was not affected by CaA, and CaA treatment did not alter the reduction in microflora by irradiation. The combination of CaA and irradiation enhanced microbial food safety while maintaining quality of fresh-cut apple slices.     

茉莉酸甲酯处理对鲜切苹果生理生化变化的影响

以鲜切富士苹果为试材,研究了不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯处理对常温下贮藏的鲜切苹果生理生化的影响。在贮藏过程中分析测定了鲜切苹果PPO和POD酶活性、多酚、还原糖和可溶性蛋白质含量等生理生化指标。结果表明,与对照相比,茉莉酸甲酯处理能抑制PPO和POD酶活性,多酚、总糖和可溶性蛋白质含量也发生了不同程度的提高,尤其以低浓度的茉莉酸甲酯处理贮藏效果更好,可保持鲜切苹果较好的贮藏品质。     

Quality changes in fresh-cut Fuji apple as affected by ripeness stage, antibrowning agents, and storage atmosphere

ABSTRACT:  The effect of ripening state, modified atmosphere, and the use of antibrowning agents was investigated in an attempt to determine optimum ripeness and processing conditions for extending the shelf-life of fresh-cut Fuji apple. Apples were classified in 3 groups: mature-green, partially ripe, and ripe; after peeling and slicing, fruits were treated with 1% (w/v) N -acetylcysteine, or 1% (w/v) ascorbic acid (control), and then packed into polypropylene trays with air or a gas mixture (2.5% O₂+ 7% CO₂+ 90.5% N₂) and sealed. Trays containing the apple slices were stored in darkness at 4 °C ± 1 °C and analyzed periodically during 43 d. Changes in atmosphere composition, color, and firmness were examined. Partially ripe apples, based on their lower ethanol production and maintenance of their original color and firmness, were the most suitable to prepare the fresh-cut commodities. A postcutting dip in 1% (w/v) N -acetylcysteine was the most effective treatment to prevent cut surface browning and preserve the initial appearance of Fuji apple slices during more than 1 mo at 4 °C. Low O₂ and elevated CO₂ (2.5% O₂+ 7% CO₂) atmosphere extended the shelf life of apple slices because of a significant inhibition of ethylene production.     

壳聚糖涂膜对鲜切苹果品质的影响

以山东红富士苹果为原材料,研究了不同浓度复合的壳聚糖、抗坏血酸及柠檬酸对鲜切苹果的外观和内部品质的影响。采用L9(34)正交实验设计,测定了贮藏过程中各组鲜切苹果的腐烂率、色泽、pH、可滴定酸、还原性糖等指标的变化情况。根据模糊权重法对贮藏4d的鲜切苹果外观和内部品质进行了综合评定。结果表明:选用2.0%柠檬酸、1.0%壳聚糖配制涂膜液和0.5%抗坏血酸溶液作为护色液,对鲜切苹果具有良好的保鲜效果。     

Inhibitory effects of various antibrowning agents on apple slices

A comprehensive study to evaluate the relative antibrowning activity of 36 known compounds was conducted. Five chemical groups, including carboxylic acids, ascorbic acid derivatives, sulfur containing amino acids, phenolic acids and other miscellaneous compounds, were tested on apple slices under the same conditions. Among the compounds tested, oxalic acid, oxalacetic acid, ascorbic acid-2-phosphate, cysteine, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine, kojic acid and 4-hexyl resorcinol belonged to a group that showed the highest inhibitory activity on apple browning. The minimal concentrations of oxalacetic acid, oxalic acid, cysteine and kojic acid, for an effective antibrowning activity, were 0.25, 0.05, 0.05 and 0.05%, respectively. Oxalic acid showed a synergistic effect when 0.02% oxalic acid was used with 1% ascorbic acid or its derivatives.     

柠檬酸处理对鲜切苹果的保鲜效果

为研究柠檬酸处理对鲜切苹果品质的影响,将鲜切‘寒富’苹果分别放入0.5%、1.0%、1.5%柠檬酸溶液中浸泡2 min后沥干,用0.11 mm厚度的聚乙烯保鲜膜包装后置于4 ℃冷库中贮藏,每2 d检测与成熟衰老相关生理生化指标。结果表明,适当质量分数的柠檬酸处理可保持苹果切块的感官品质,延缓营养物质的下降,抑制微生物的繁殖,对鲜切苹果有较好的护色效果;1.5%柠檬酸溶液浸泡处理能在8 d贮藏期内4 ℃冷藏条件下保持着鲜切苹果的良好品质,能有效延迟果肉褐化进程,降低褐变程度,抑制硬度和可溶性固形物、可滴定酸及抗坏血酸含量的下降,并能延缓相对电导率和丙二醛含量的上升,降低多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性。     

PREVENTION OF BROWNING OF BANANA SLICES USING NATURAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES1

Fresh-cut banana slices were treated with pineapple juice, neutral sugars, isoascorbic acid, citric acid, other organic acids, N-acetylcysteine, 4-hexylresor-cinol and mixtures of these compounds and evaluated for browning reaction. A number of other compounds previously reported to be antibrowning agents were also tested. Preliminary tests revealed that many purported antibrowning agents, including pineapple juice, had only transitory or no effects on browning of banana slices. Subsequent replicated treatments of slices stored at 5C and 15C for 7 days showed that of the several treatments, those using citric acid and N-acetylcysteine were highly effective at reducing browning. Reflectance measurements taken immediately after treatment, after 2 days of storage, and at the end of the 1 week storage period confirmed that a mixture of 0.5 M citric acid and 0.05 M N-acetylcysteine provided the best protection against browning at both temperatures. No microbial decay was observed during the 7 day period studied.