液态深层发酵酿造枣醋工艺研究

以金丝小枣为原料,采用液体深层发酵方式酿造枣醋,通过研究酿造过程中酒精发酵阶段酒精度和还原糖的变化,醋酸发酵阶段总酸和酒精度的变化,确定了液态深层发酵酿造枣醋的工艺.结果表明,酒精发酵阶段枣浆的初始糖度13.8%,酵母菌接种量0.03%,发酵温度25°C～30°C,发酵3.5 d结束,酒精度为8.4%(v/v).醋酸发酵阶段的初始酒精度为6.3%(v/v),初始酸度为1.5g/100mL(以醋酸计),醋酸菌接种量10%(v/v),发酵温度31℃,通风量600l/h-10001/h,发酵44h结束,最终酸度达到7.82g/100mL.所酿制的枣醋枣香浓郁,营养丰富.     

耐温型酒精浓醪发酵酵母菌的选育

通过UVB照射培养和热冲击处理，成功地选育到一株36℃下在含16％（v／v）酒精的培养基中生长良好，三角瓶发酵酒精度达到14．3％（v／v）的耐酒精和耐温的酵母菌株UV-7-36-12-17菌。其最佳发酵条件：原料加水比1：2．2；糖化酶用量125u／g原料，60℃糖化30～60min；接种量8％～10％；摇床转速70～96r／min；发酵顶温34～36℃．发酵周期72h。     

发酵型无花果酒酿造工艺研究

对无花果酒酿造工艺、操作要点进行了研究。结果表明：在糖浓度为20％-22％的无花果清汁中加入60mg/L～90mg／L的SO2，接入5g／L-7g／L葡萄酒活性干酵母，20℃发酵14d；可以使发酵彻底，原酒残糖量低，酒精度最高可达11．2％（v／v）；同时既可以保证酒质，也不会延长发酵时间。     

马铃薯酒精浓醪发酵工艺条件的研究

酒精浓醪发酵是生产燃料乙醇的一个重要步骤,为了提高发酵醪的酒精度,研究了不同因素对马铃薯浓醪发酵的影响。以发酵醪的酒精度为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,得到马铃薯酒精浓醪发酵的最佳条件为:料水比1∶3.0,糖化酶添加量150U/g,初始pH值4.5,接种量6%,得到发酵醪的酒精度为14.90%(v/v)。     

高产酒精絮凝酵母SY-130菌株的选育

以絮凝性强的葡萄汁酵母SN-154和高产酒精酵母菌种NHY4-36做亲本，通过原生质体融合技术，获得一支发酵速度快、高产酒精且絮凝性强的酵母菌株SY-130，以玉米淀粉为原料，32℃发酵60—68h，可产酒精17．5—18．5％(v／v)，耐酒精度可达20％以上，酵母絮凝性能良好。     

响应面法优化椪柑果酒发酵工艺研究

以椪柑果汁为主要原料,酿酒高活性干酵母为发酵菌种,研究了椪柑果酒的发酵工艺。在单因素试验基础上,选取接种量、糖度、pH、发酵温度为影响因素,酒精度为响应值,应用中心组合 Box-Behnken 试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。研究结果表明,椪柑果酒发酵的最佳工艺为：接种量 0.11g/100ml、糖度 21%、pH3.6、发酵温度 26℃、发酵时间6d,在此工艺条件下,椪柑果酒酒精度达 9.5%（v/v）。     

珍珠梅果醋的工艺研究

以云南珍珠梅为原料,沪酿1．41醋酸菌为菌种,经液态深层发酵酿制珍珠梅果醋。分析了温度、接种量、初始酸度、初始酒精度对醋酸发酵的影响,结果表明,珍珠梅果醋酿制的最佳工艺参数为温度32℃,接种量11%(v/v),初始酸度1．8g/100mL(以醋酸计),初始酒精度5．0%(v/v),发酵率达到84．8%。建立了相关方程Y=3．524-3．16X_1~2 1．500X_2~2-0．267X_3 0．567X_4,复相关系数R~2=0．941,醋酸菌在发酵第7d达到对数生长期;酿制出来的珍珠梅果醋经澄清化处理颜色金黄、澄清透亮、醋味浓郁,同时具有珍珠梅的特殊风味。     

响应面法优化杏皮渣汁酒精连续发酵工艺

采用固定化果酒酵母,产酯酵母和肠膜明串珠菌的混合菌细胞进行酒精连续发酵杏皮渣汁工艺的研究。以酒精度为指标,采用响应面实验设计法优化接种量、稀释率和可溶性固形物对酒精度的影响,同时建立数学模型。结果表明:酒精连续发酵的最佳工艺参数是:在稀释率0.02h-1,接种量16g/100m L,可溶性固形物17%,温度30℃,p H3.8的条件下,双级连续酒精发酵所得酒精度最高,模型预测值为6.3%(v/v),与验证实验得到的酒精度6.18%(v/v),仅相差0.12%(v/v),从而证明了模型的可靠性。     

肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种Z_25在苹果酒中发酵特性的研究

从发酵温度、接种量、酒精度、起始苹果酸浓度等方面研究了肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种Z25的苹果酸乳酸发酵（MLF）能力,确定了肠膜明串珠菌MLF适宜条件为温度20℃、接种量6%、酒精度10%（v/v）以及起始苹果酸浓度4.0g/L。按此工艺酿制,发酵时间12d后苹果酒中的乳酸含量由0.99g/L提高到了3.5g/L,苹果酸含量从4g/L下降到0.25g/L,且苹果酸降解发生在菌株Z25的对数生长阶段。显然,辅助肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种Z25到苹果酸乳酸发酵中,可以改善苹果酒的品质。     

芒果保健果醋的研制

苹果醋是以新鲜苹果为原料，经液体深层发酵而成的优质调味品。经过对酒精发酵和醋酸发酵的研究，得到苹果醋的最佳生产工艺。酒精发酵6d，酒精度达到8．0％（v／v）。醋酸发酵采用液体深层发酵，最终总酸达4．60％。成品含有丰富的有机酸、氨基酸、维生素和矿物质，是一种集营养、保健于一体的时尚调味品。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.