油脂包埋L-抗坏血酸对面包品质改良的研究

研究了四种不同熔点油脂所包埋的L-抗坏血酸对面团的氧化特性,以及对面包品质改良的影响,通过正交试验研究了包埋L-抗坏血酸的最佳配比。结果显示,包埋用的油脂熔点以及面团醒发温度对面团的延伸率以及拉伸特性有影响,即用油脂包埋的L-抗坏血酸可以在相对应的面团温度下释放出来,因此可利用不同熔点的油脂包埋L-抗坏血酸,使其在醒发后期和烘烤前期释放出来再起作用,延长L-抗坏血酸的氧化作用时间。正交实验得到四种样品最佳配比为:牛油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.025g/kg面粉,棕榈油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.025g/kg面粉,氢化棕榈油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.05g/kg面粉,棕榈油硬脂包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.075g/kg面粉。     

非水相酶促酯交换法合成抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯

研究了一种L-抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯（AFAE）合成新途径。实验结果表明，氢化棕榈油、大豆油和海狗油等食用油脂作为脂肪酸基团供体，在固定化脂肪酶的催化下，在有机溶荆中与L-抗坏血酸直接进行酯交换反应形成L-抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯。对反应介质体系的筛选发现，在叔戊醇中用Novozym435催化此反应所得的产物浓度最高。对影响合成抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯的因素进行了探讨，确定了最适反应条件：初始油脂底物浓度为200-600mmol／L，温度为55℃，反应时间为9h。此条件下产物质量浓度可达43．51g／L。     

戊糖和己糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇发酵体系优化研究

研究了戊糖和己糖共发酵生产燃料乙醇发酵体系的影响因素．正交试验获得的最佳发酵体系为：在基础发酵培养基中添加φ（Tween-80）=0．025％，ρ（聚乙烯醇4000）=100g／L，p（L-谷氨酰胺）：0．625g／L．在此条件下，发酵至72h时，乙醇产率为43、56％.     

嫩化型牛肉干的研制

菠萝蛋白酶，CaCl1，抗坏血酸钠的添加可以使牛肉干得到嫩化，其最佳配比为菠萝蛋白酶1．5％，CaCl23．0％，抗坏血酸钠0．6g／kg。同时干燥温度和时间，以及保湿剂对牛肉干的嫩化效果有一定影响，较适的干燥条件为干燥温度70℃，干燥时间6．5h，较适的甘油添加量为3％。     

泰式鱼糜保鲜技术的研究

本实验研究了泰式鱼糜的保鲜技术。通过对几种防腐剂的抑菌效果，不同的抗氧化剂和增效剂的抗氧化性能及其复配效果，并对发色剂及发色助剂对鱼糜发色效果进行了正交试验，结果表明以乳酸链球菌素0．3g／kg、TBHQ0.15g／kg、亚硝酸钠0．08g／kg复合对鱼糜的防腐保鲜效果最佳。     

婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究

通过对婴儿配方乳粉中必需脂肪酸调配的研究实验，引用正交实验，得出最佳结果：按棕榈油10％、玉米油0．4％、葵花籽油0．4%、椰子油0．4％(均为质量分数)的比例进行油脂复配时，可使婴儿配方乳粉中亚油酸含量为34．10mg／g，亚麻酸含量为3．30mg／g，亚油酸和亚麻酸的比例在10：1(质量比)的范围，使配方粉中必需脂肪酸的含量和比例接近母乳，产品的综合评定最佳。     

紫薯奶黄包工艺优化及品质研究

本文以紫薯、面粉为主要原料,通过正交实验研究了紫薯奶黄包的制作工艺。结果表明,馅料的最佳配比为:鸡蛋为38g,澄粉为19g,白糖为27g,牛奶为27g;面皮的最佳制作配比为:酵母为2g,紫薯为25g,白糖为6g,水温为25℃。蒸制的最佳工艺为:醒发时间为15min,醒发温度为35℃,蒸制时间为18min,蒸制温度为113℃。此外,以感官评价、质构及挥发性气味为指标,研究了紫薯奶黄包、白面奶黄包和市售奶黄包的品质。     

烧饼面团延迟醒发的工艺优化

通过使用量筒法对不同条件下的面团发酵力进行测定,并通过感官试验和正交试验,确定延迟面团醒发且不影响烧饼口感的最佳工艺条件为:水的最佳添加量为面粉量的55%,和面时所加入水的最适温度为30℃,面粉中加入的安琪酵母与啤酒酵母的最佳配比为1:4,面团的最佳冷藏温度为4℃,面团的最佳冷藏时间为12 h。从L_9(3~4)正交试验结果看,各因素对成品烧饼的品质影响程度为:安琪酵母与啤酒酵母的配比面团中水的用量冷藏温度水温。     

枇杷的营养保健与川贝枇杷低糖果酱的研制

本文阐述了枇杷的营养成分及保健作用，研究确定川贝枇杷低糖果酱加工工艺及其参数。实验结果表明：枇杷破碎打浆时，加入0．3～0．5g／kg的抗坏血酸可有效地抑制枇杷浆汁的氧化褐变，以平衡糖度30％，平衡酸度0．8％、川贝用量5g／kg的配比最受欢迎。     

天然苹果酵母液在面包生产中的应用研究

在原有面包配方的基础上,减少50%的酵母用量,采用一次发酵法,通过单因素和正交试验,研究探索苹果酵母液添加量、面包坯醒发时间和醒发温度对面包品质的影响。结果表明:影响面包品质大小的主次顺序为苹果酵母液添加量醒发时间醒发温度;最佳工艺条件为苹果酵母液添加量360g(以1 000g面粉量为基准)、醒发温度35℃、醒发时间195 min,在此条件下制得的面包成品除具有普通面包的外形、色泽、弹柔性、风味和口感外,还兼有苹果的香气、清新感和营养价值。     

Effect of Flour Quality, Ascorbic Acid, and DATEM on Dough Rheological Parameters and Hearth Loaves Characteristics

ABSTRACT: The effects of protein quality, protein content, ascorbic acid, diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyc-erides (DATEM), and their interactions on dough rheology and hearth bread properties were studied by size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography, Kieffer Dough & Gluten Extensibility Rig, and small-scale baking of hearth loaves. The effect of protein content was either positive or negative on hearth loaf characteristics, form ratio, and area, depending on the amount of the largest glutenin polymers in the flour. Ascorbic acid brought out the potential in the wheat flour known as protein quality. Ascorbic acid and DATEM strengthened the doughs and improved hearth bread characteristics.     

食品添加剂对全麦馒头品质的影响

研究了蒸馏单甘酯、大豆磷脂及抗坏血酸对全麦馒头品质的影响。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了全麦馒头制作中蒸馏单甘酯、大豆磷脂及抗坏血酸的最佳添加量。结果表明,蒸馏单甘酯、大豆磷脂和抗坏血酸均可显著改善全麦馒头品质;以试验用全麦粉为原料,当蒸馏单甘酯、大豆磷脂和抗坏血酸添加量分别为5 g/kg、3 g/kg和80 mg/kg时,所制得全麦馒头品质最好。     

Wet separation of wheat flours into starch and gluten fractions: the combined effects of water to flour ratio–dough maturation time and the effects of flour aging and ascorbic acid addition

The process of making a dough, allowing time for maturation, dispersing the dough in water and wet sieving/washing to obtain a protein fraction and starch milk was studied using response surface methodology by changing the water to flour ratio in dough making (400–710 g kg^?1), maturation time (45–660 s) and the type of flour. Two grades of bread wheat flour and durum clear flour were studied. The effects of aging at ambient temperature for up to 29 days and the addition of ascorbic acid at 100 or 500 mg kg^?1 flour on separation behaviour were also studied for freshly milled high‐grade (65% extraction) bread wheat flours at constant maturation time, 600 s, and at optimum farinograph water absorption value. The quantities and dry matter contents of the protein fraction and starch milk were measured; a sample of starch milk was centrifuged to obtain decantate, tailings and prime starch fractions, and the dry matter contents of each were determined. All the dried samples were also analysed for protein content. The fractional recoveries of dry matter and protein in the protein fraction, prime starch, tailings and decantate were calculated for each experiment. The acid values of flour oils were also determined on some aged flour samples. The results indicated superior separation characteristics in high‐grade wheat flour compared with lower‐grade flours. The water to flour ratio was more influential than maturation time within the range studied. Contrary to the initial expectation, no statistically significant effect of flour aging was observed in the studies with no additive, and ascorbic acid addition was not found to improve the wet separation behaviour, the separation behaviour becoming even worse at the 100 mg kg^?1 level. Acid value showed a slight increase with time. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

加工条件对油条中丙烯酰胺含量的影响

油条在油炸温度160～200℃、油炸时间3～5min时,油条可取得最佳感官特征,同时也是丙烯酰胺产生最多的时段。以菜籽油、大豆油、花生油、玉米油作油炸用油,硫酸铝钾作膨松剂,油条中丙烯酰胺的最高含量不超过150μg/kg;而用棕榈油时,丙烯酰胺的最高含量约为250μg/kg。用0.3%的酵母粉作发酵剂,用棕榈油、花生油炸制的油条中丙烯酰胺最高含量分别达到1589.41和953.60μg/kg,是用硫酸铝钾作膨松剂的油条中丙烯酰胺含量的6.29倍和8.13倍。用泡打粉作膨松剂制得的油条,丙烯酰胺含量明显下降,平均约为50μg/kg。以果葡糖浆作甜味剂的油条中丙烯酰胺含量较蔗糖作甜味剂的油条平均增加约10%。因此,油炸温度160～200℃、油炸时间3～5min,以棕榈油作油炸用油,酵母作发酵剂,果葡糖浆作甜味剂可大大增加油炸面制品中丙烯酰胺含量。     

基于模糊数学综合感官评价的甘薯淀粉面包的工艺优化

为了提高面包营养价值,改善滋味,降低面包老化速度,延长保质期,将甘薯淀粉添加到面包当中,采用单因素和正交实验,考察配方(甘薯淀粉、黄油、干酵母的添加量)及加工工艺(一次醒发时间、醒发温度和烘焙时间)对面包感官性状和质构的影响。基于模糊数学的评价方法评价甘薯淀粉面包的品质,对甘薯淀粉面包的形状、色泽、松软度、香味、滋味进行感官性质的分析。结果表明:最佳配方为混合粉(小麦粉+甘薯淀粉)150 g,甘薯淀粉的含量为15 g、黄油15 g、干酵母5.5 g;最优加工工艺为一次醒发时间为60 min、醒发温度为25 ℃、烘焙时间为9 min;最优条件下其硬度为27.95 N,弹性为15.18 mm,咀嚼性为228.30 mJ,胶粘性为15.05 N。按此条件制作的甘薯淀粉面包色泽金黄,外形饱满,柔软适口具有甘薯淀粉面包特有的风味,为甘薯淀粉面包工业化生产提供理论指导,同时丰富面包种类,拓宽甘薯淀粉用途。     

In vitro bioavailability of iron from wheat flour fortified with ascorbic acid, EDTA and sodium hexametaphosphate, with or without iron

A laboratory scale technology was developed to fortify wheat flour with absorption promoters of iron, such as ascorbic acid, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaEDTA) and with a stabilizer, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), with or without iron. The in vitro bioavailability of iron in food (Indian bread, chapathi) prepared with the wheat flour fortified at 60 mg of iron/kg in the presence (1:1 molar ratio) or absence of the three chemical additives was tested. NaEDTA and ascorbic acid enhanced the in vitro bioavailability of native iron from Indian bread while SHMP had no effect. All three additives showed a trend of enhancing the in vitro bioavailabilty of total iron (native and added iron) from iron fortified chapathis. The predicted bioavailability of iron in man from Indian bread containing ascorbic acid or NaEDTA was twice as high than that with wheat flour alone or that with SHMP (8%). Similar enhancing effects of these two compounds were shown with iron-fortified wheat flour. It is concluded that wheat flour fortified with ascorbic acid or NaEDTA, either with or without iron, can enhance the predicted bioavailability of both native and added iron in man.     

中国传统主食馒头中添加超微细豆渣粉的最佳工艺研究

根据超微细豆渣粉独特的保健功能与良好的加工品质,将超微细豆渣粉添加到中国居民的传统主食馒头中,通过正交试验获得添加超微细豆渣粉馒头的最佳配方为中筋粉100g、超微细豆渣粉13g、大豆卵磷脂0.6g、鸡蛋全蛋液10g、酵母粉2g、蔗糖15g、水65g,最佳工艺参数为面团发酵时间30min、醒发时间10min、蒸制时间15min。     

Effects of wheat sourdough process on the quality of mixed oat-wheat bread

The aim of this work was to study the effects of sourdough fermentation of wheat flour with Lactobacillus plantarum, on the quality attributes of mixed oat-wheat bread (51 g whole grain oat flour and 49 g/100 g white wheat flour). Emphasis was laid both on β-glucan stability as well as bread structure and sensory quality. The variables of the sourdough process were: dough yield (DY), fermentation time, fermentation temperature, and amount of sourdough added to the bread dough. The sourdough process was shown to be a feasible method for mixed oat-wheat bread, and, when optimized, provided bread quality equal to straight dough baking. A small amount (10g/100 g dough) of slack sourdough fermented at high temperature for a long time resulted in the most optimal sourdough bread with the highest specific volume (3.5 cm³/g), the lowest firmness after 3 days storage (0.31 kg), and low sensory sourness with high intensity of the crumb flavour. Wheat sourdough parameters did not affect the content of oat β-glucan in the bread. Additionally, both straight dough and sourdough bread contained 1.4-1.6 g β-glucan/100 g fresh bread. The average molecular weight of β-glucan was 5.5 × 10⁵ in both types of bread, while that of oat flour was 10 × 10⁵. This indicates that a slight degradation of β-glucan occurred during proofing and baking, and it was not affected by variation in the acidity of the bread between pH 4.9-5.8.     

STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAN BREAD USING RAW WHEAT GERM

Raw wheat germ, known to be high in vitamin E and other phytochemicals, was used to develop pan bread formulations. The raw wheat germ used had protein, fat and ash contents of 27.88, 9.86 and 4.33%, respectively, compared with 11.35, 1.26 and 0.61% for white flour. Reduction in specific loaf volume, due to the inclusion of wheat germ, was significantly restored by using a combination of 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid. At levels of 10 and 20% germ incorporation, the use of 3.0% enzyme‐active soy flour significantly improved the specific loaf volume of the test breads. In comparison with white‐flour control bread, panelists did not find any significant differences in any of the sensory attributes of the test bread samples containing up to 10% wheat germ and 0.5% sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL). The minerals, protein and fat content of wheat‐germ‐enriched breads, was superior to the white‐flour control bread. It can be concluded that phytochemical‐enriched pan bread with superior nutritional and sensory qualities can be produced using white flour, 20% wheat germ, 0.5% SSL, 30 ppm potassium bromate and 50 ppm ascorbic acid.