不同发酵剂对黑枣酸奶品质的影响

使用不同益生菌组合制备黑枣酸奶,并探究不同益生菌组合对发酵和质构特性的影响。结果表明,不同益生菌组合会显著影响黑枣酸奶的理化指标和质构特性（P＜0.05）;相比传统酸奶发酵剂,强化植物乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌和乳双歧杆菌（1∶1∶1）发酵可显著提高黑枣酸奶的可滴定酸度（46.48%）、持水力（4.75%）、可溶性固形物含量（3.85%）和胞外多糖含量（12.63%）。此外,益生菌强化发酵可使黑枣酸奶中乳酸菌活菌数达到9.63 lg CFU/mL,且有效改善黑枣酸奶的质构特性,其硬度值、弹性、内聚性和回复性分别为151.24 g、1.04 mm、0.96 g·s和0.28。     

益生菌干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9发酵乳胞外多糖含量对流变学特性、质构和稳定性的影响

干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9是我国自主开发具有良好益生特性的益生菌,发酵乳是益生菌的最优载体之一。本研究以2株益生菌应用于发酵乳为研究对象,采用多频扩散波谱法研究发酵过程中的流变学特性,通过稠度、硬度、内聚性和黏度指数测定分析发酵乳的质构特性,并分析贮藏期间活菌数和稳定性,胞外多糖(EPS)含量。结果表明,干酪乳杆菌Zhang、乳双歧杆菌V9和二者复配的发酵乳中EPS含量从贮藏期起始的(546.3±31.5),(361.1±20.1),(515.2±17.5)mg/L至贮藏期末增至(1 165.4±37.8),(903.6±33.9),(1 103.8±45.6)mg/L,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在发酵过程中,干酪乳杆菌Zhang组表现出较高弹性因子和低固液平衡值的流变学特性,显示形成紧密的凝胶结构。后熟后,干酪乳杆菌Zhang(包括单一和复配)发酵乳的稠度、硬度、内聚性和黏度指数显著较高,乳双歧杆菌V9发酵乳硬度和黏度指数显著较高,前者的黏度和持水性显著高于对照组,后者的黏度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。各组发酵乳贮藏期间的后酸化程度没有显著差异(P0.05),表明益生菌及其代谢产生的EPS对发酵乳流变学特性、质构特性及贮藏稳定性具有积极影响,且干酪乳杆菌Zhang作用较为突出。此外,干酪乳杆菌Zhang和乳双歧杆菌V9在贮藏期间活菌数在10~8CFU/mL以上,可有效保证益生菌发挥其促进健康的作用。综上,在发酵乳中添加益生菌干酪乳杆菌Zhang和/或乳双歧杆菌V9,不仅能够赋予发酵乳益生功效,而且能够改善质构特性和贮藏稳定性。本研究为实际生产、推广应用提供技术依据,同时为益生菌发酵乳的发酵及贮藏特性评价提供研究思路和方法。     

不同增稠剂对凝固型发酵酸豆乳质构的影响

研究了明胶、果胶、改性琼脂和变性淀粉4种增稠剂对凝固型发酵酸豆乳质构的改良效果.通过测定产品冷藏期间凝胶强度、表观黏度、持水力等指标的变化,得出了这4种增稠剂在凝固型发酵酸豆乳中单独使用的最佳添加量分别为:明胶0.6%,果胶0.3%,改性琼脂0.4%,变性淀粉0.5%(均为质量分数).     

不同类型亲水胶体对豆乳酸奶质构、流变学特性的影响

研究了5种不同类型亲水胶体包括中性多糖瓜尔豆胶(0. 01%～0. 1%)和刺槐豆胶(0. 01%～0. 1%)、蛋白类多糖明胶(0. 1%～1%)以及离子型多糖卡拉胶(0. 01%～0. 1%)和黄原胶(0. 001%～0. 01%)对豆乳酸奶的持水力、质构特性和流变特性的影响。结果显示,在持水力方面,明胶(≥0. 5%)的添加可显著增强豆乳酸奶的持水力达100%,中性多糖瓜尔豆胶的添加会降低豆乳酸奶的持水力,离子型多糖对持水力没有显著影响;在质构方面,添加明胶(1%)、卡拉胶(≥0. 05%)可显著提高豆乳酸奶的硬度黏度,低浓度的卡拉胶和高浓度的黄原胶显著降低了豆乳酸奶的弹性,1%明胶也显著提高了豆乳酸奶的内聚性,中性多糖对豆乳酸奶质构特性影响不大;流变学结果表明,1%明胶可以提高豆乳酸奶的黏弹性、屈服应力、稠度系数、假塑性,卡拉胶在高浓度下也可以显著提高豆乳酸奶的黏弹性,所有的亲水胶体都可以显著提高的豆乳酸奶的表观黏度。     

沙棘多糖对发酵乳凝胶特性的影响及沙棘多糖酸奶工艺优化

将不同浓度的沙棘多糖添加到成品酸奶和发酵乳中,研究沙棘多糖对成品酸奶和发酵乳的黏度、pH值、酸度、持水力、色泽、质构、拉丝性等凝胶特性的影响。以酸奶感官评分为指标,在单因素实验的基础上,利用正交实验对沙棘多糖酸奶的工艺进行优化。研究结果表明:沙棘多糖对成品酸奶的pH值和酸度有一定影响,对成品酸奶的黏度、持水力、拉丝性不能产生显著影响,添加沙棘多糖可以提高发酵乳的黏度、酸度、持水力、拉丝性以及改善发酵乳的色泽和质构特性,当沙棘多糖添加量为0.15%时,其硬度、黏性、胶着性、内聚性达到最大。沙棘多糖酸奶的最佳工艺条件为发酵时间7 h,发酵温度42℃,菌种接种量0.1%,沙棘多糖添加量0.15%,此条件下的感官评为97.6分。添加沙棘多糖可有效改善发酵乳的凝胶特性及相关理化指标,增强发酵乳的风味和组织状态,提高发酵乳的品质。     

乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及其与酵母菌联合发酵作用

本研究通过分析植物乳杆菌45、植物乳杆菌571、干酪乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌以及联合增香酵母PL09发酵豆乳过程中的酸度、活菌数、电泳图、胞外多糖含量、黏度等的变化,研究不同乳酸菌在豆乳中的生长特性及乳酸菌和酵母菌联合发酵豆乳时的特性。结果表明:植物乳杆菌45和植物乳杆菌571单独发酵豆乳8 h后pH分别达到4.43和4.42,活菌数分别达到3.11×108和2.78×108 CFU/mL,并且总糖含量降低较快;鼠李糖乳杆菌和干酪乳杆菌能够在豆乳中发酵分别产生胞外多糖180.82和174.45 μg/mL;乳酸菌和增香酵母PL09联合用于发酵豆乳时,增香酵母PL09能够促进乳酸菌在豆乳中的产酸能力,并且提高活菌数及产品的黏度,为开发乳酸菌和酵母菌的联合发酵豆乳提供指导。     

植物乳杆菌YW11胞外多糖对酸乳加工特性的影响

研究植物乳杆菌YW11胞外多糖（exopolysaccharide,EPS）对酸乳发酵过程中菌株生长、产酸速率和微流变特性,以及产品质构和风味特性的影响,结果表明,不同添加量（0.05、0.15、0.25 mg/g）的EPS对发酵过程菌株（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌）的生长和产酸速率无明显影响。添加EPS对发酵过程中样品的弹性指数（elasticity index,EI）、宏观黏度指数（microviscosity index,MVI）和流动性指数（fluidity index,FI）具有不同的影响,随着EPS添加量的增加,EI逐渐降低,MVI升高,而FI无明显变化。不同添加量的EPS均可提高酸乳的持水力,其中以EPS-0.25组样品的持水力最大,达57.93%;随着EPS添加量的增加,酸乳的硬度降低,最低值为10.08 g;黏力增加,最大值为9.57 g;而内聚性变化不大,在0.45～0.48之间。添加EPS使酸乳中蛋白交联结构增强,蛋白颗粒更小,网络结构中存在较大孔隙结构。添加适量的EPS能够促进酸乳风味物质如醛类、酸类和酯类等化合物的形成。本研究有助于进一步了解植物乳杆菌EPS对酸乳加工特性的影响,并基于EPS的应用提升酸乳品质。     

不同乳酸菌对凝固型荔枝酸奶的发酵特性和质构的影响

以纯牛奶和荔枝汁为主要原料,以干酪乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵菌种,探讨三种乳酸菌的不同组合发酵对凝固型荔枝酸奶的发酵特性和质构的影响。结果表明:干酪乳杆菌产胞外多糖能力较强,单独发酵时胞外多糖含量达到22.50g/L,而嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌单独发酵时胞外多糖的含量分别为5.73 g/L和0.29 g/L;各种不同乳酸菌组合发酵后酸奶的表观粘度和持水力与胞外多糖的含量呈正相关(R2=0.98);干酪乳杆菌产酸能力弱,单独发酵后p H高于其它添加有嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌的组合,导致酸奶的硬度偏低,但干酪乳杆菌联合嗜热链球菌或保加利亚乳杆菌发酵时,发酵酸奶的硬度和乳酸菌活菌数均明显优于单独发酵组。因此,当干酪乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌及保加利亚乳杆菌联合发酵时,能充分发挥三个菌种的各自优势,菌落总数、胞外多糖含量和质构均能达到较好的品质水平。     

温度对酸乳中乳酸菌胞外多糖作用机制的研究

重点探讨了不同发酵温度下酸乳发酵产生的胞外多糖含量变化以及添加不同来源的胞外多糖对酸乳流变学特性的作用,结果表明:37℃条件下发酵所得酸乳多糖含量最高,达到461.4mg/mL,43℃条件下酸乳多糖含量最低,仅为247.6mg/mL。酸乳产生的内源性胞外多糖表现在产品特性上,其表观黏度及剪切应力随时间的变化都明显(P<0.05)高于外源添加胞外多糖的酸乳。表观黏度随剪切时间的变化曲线符合对数函数y=kLn(x)+b(内、外源R2分别为0.9527、0.9015)的变化规律。此外,酸乳经过发酵产生内源性胞外多糖后,其持水力(WHC)较添加外源性胞外多糖的酸乳高出26%,胶体脱水收缩作用敏感性(STS)较添加外源性胞外多糖的酸乳低46%。这说明低温有利于乳酸菌胞外多糖形成,且内源性胞外多糖酸乳的表观黏度大、持水力高。     

添加豆浆对牦牛酸奶品质的影响

将不同添加量（0、20%、40%、60%）豆浆添加到牦牛乳中制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶,探讨不同添加量豆浆对牦牛酸奶理化指标、贮藏期内酸度、质构特性（硬度、稠度、黏聚性与黏性指数）、持水力、乳酸菌数和感官特性的影响。结果表明,在贮藏期内（1～14 d）,随着豆浆添加量在0～60%范围内增加,牦牛酸奶酸度、持水力、质构特性、乳酸菌数均有所下降。添加20%豆浆制备的牦牛酸奶蛋白质、脂肪及非脂乳固体含量分别为3.28 g/100 g、4.58 g/100 g、8.76 g/100 g,乳酸菌数＞107 CFU/mL,感官评分为87.9分,其酸度、持水力、质构、乳酸菌数等与未添加豆浆的对照相比均无显著差异（P＞0.05）。因此,在牦牛乳中添加20%的豆浆制备豆浆-牦牛酸奶是可行的,可进一步推广应用。     

双蛋白益生菌发酵乳的研制与品质分析

为丰富发酵乳的品类并满足消费者的多样化需求,本研究以一定比例的纯牛乳和花生蛋白粉为原料,添加益生菌制作了一种双蛋白益生菌发酵乳。将纯牛乳与不同比例的花生蛋白混合,巴氏灭菌后,将混合物与发酵物一起发酵（嗜热链球菌S10:动物双歧杆菌乳亚种菌株V9:干酪乳杆菌Zhang=10:10:1）,从感官特性、酸度、粘度、持水力及益生菌活菌数等角度,评价了贮藏期内28 d实验组及对照组发酵乳的品质及贮藏特性。结果表明,花生蛋白:牛乳蛋白=3:7时,发酵乳酸甜适口、色香兼具、组织细腻且凝聚性好,感官评分为（94±3）分,发酵时间5.4 h。经4℃下贮藏28 d后,3:7实验组的后酸化程度与对照组相比较弱,内聚性及黏度指数均高于两个对照组（分别为-20.24±1.77 g、-20.63±2.79 g·s）。与此同时,3:7实验组的粘度最高可达（1085±100）m Pa·s,持水力可平均稳定在75%左右,发酵乳中的干酪乳酪杆菌Zhang及动物双歧杆菌乳亚种V9的活菌数均可保持在1×107 CFU/mL以上。因此,通过花生蛋白替代部分牛乳蛋白来制作发酵乳的工艺是可行的,产品在28 d贮藏期内能够保持良好的...     

Use of tuf gene-based primers for the PCR detection of probiotic Bifidobacterium species and enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented milk by cultural and quantitative real-time PCR methods

Due to the increasing use of bifidobacteria in probiotic products, it is essential to establish a rapid method for the qualitative and quantitative assay of the bifidobacteria in commercial products. In this study, partial sequences of the tuf gene for 18 Bifidobacterium strains belonging to 14 species were determined. Alignment of these sequences showed that the similarities among these Bifidobacterium species were 82.24% to 99.72%. Based on these tuf gene sequences, 6 primer sets were designed for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of B. animalis subsp. animalis, B. animalis subsp. lactis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. longum subsp. infantis, B. longum subsp. longum, and the genus of Bifidobacterium, respectively. These Bifidobacterium species are common probiotic species present in dairy and probiotic products. When each target Bifidobacterium spp. was assayed with the designed primers, PCR product with expected size was generated. In addition, for each target species, more than 70 bacterial strains other than the target species, including strains of other Bifidobacterium species, strains of Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and other bacterial species, all generated negative results. PCR assay with primers specific to B. animalis subsp. lactis and B. longum subsp. longum confirmed the presence of these Bifidobacterium species in commercial yogurt products. In addition, for each product, enumeration of the bifidobacteria cells by culture method with BIM-25 agar and the quantitative real-time PCR showed similar cell counts. Such results indicated that within 15-d storage (4 °C) after manufacture, all the bifidobacteria cells originally present in yogurt products were viable and culturable during the storage.     

Microstructural, textural, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurts fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate

The influence of milk protein-based ingredients on the textural characteristics, sensory properties, and microstructure of probiotic yogurt during a refrigerated storage period of 28 d was studied. Milk was fortified with 2% (wt/vol) skim milk powder as control, 2% (wt/vol) sodium calcium caseinate (SCaCN), 2% (wt/vol) whey protein concentrate (WPC) or a blend of 1% (wt/vol) SCaCN and 1% (wt/vol) WPC. A commercial yogurt starter culture and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 as probiotic bacteria were used for the production. The fortification with SCaCN improved the firmness and adhesiveness. Higher values of viscosity were also obtained in probiotic yogurts with SCaCN during storage. However, WPC enhanced water-holding capacity more than the caseinate. Addition of SCaCN resulted in a coarse, smooth, and more compact protein network; however, WPC gave finer and bunched structures in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The use of SCaCN decreased texture scores in probiotic yogurt; probably due to the lower water-holding capacity and higher syneresis values in the caseinate-added yogurt sample. Therefore, the textural characteristics of probiotic yogurts improved depending on the ingredient variety.     

Probiotic viability and physico-chemical and sensory properties of plain and stirred fruit yogurts made from goat's milk

Probiotic plain and stirred fruit yogurts were made from goat's milk using bacterial cultures comprising, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and Propionibacterium jensenii 702. The products were stored at 4°C for 4weeks, during which time the viability of the yogurt starter culture and probiotic bacteria was analysed weekly. P. jensenii 702 demonstrated the highest viability (10(8)cfu/g) in all types of yogurt throughout the storage period, while the viability of the bifidobacteria (～10(7)cfu/g) also remained above the minimum therapeutic level. The viability of L. acidophilus LA-5 fell below 10(6)cfu/g in yogurts, however, the addition of fruit juice appeared to support the viability of lactobacilli, with higher microorganism numbers observed in fruit yogurts than in plain yogurt throughout the shelf life. Addition of fruit juice significantly increased the syneresis, and decreased viscosity and water holding capacity of yogurts (p<0.05), and also enhanced their sensory acceptability.     

The viability of three probiotic organisms grown with yoghurt starter cultures during storage for 21 days at 4°C

This study investigated the viability of probiotic ( Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LBA and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp . lactis BL-04) in milk fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus LB340 and Streptococcus thermophilus TAO (yoghurt – Y). Each probiotic strain was grown separately in co-culture with Y and in blends of different combinations. Blends affected fermentation time(s), pH and firmness during storage at 4°C. The product made with Y plus B. animalis subsp . lactis and L. rhamnosus had counts of viable cells at the end of shelf life that met the minimum required to achieve probiotic effect. However, L. acidophilus and L. delbrueckii subsp . bulgaricus were inhibited.     

不同发酵特性的嗜热链球菌与保加利亚乳杆菌共发酵的特性

为探究具有不同优良性状的嗜热链球菌株与保加利亚乳杆菌株共发酵的特性,用产酸快的嗜热链球菌StCH-1菌株和产黏好的嗜热链球菌StTA040菌株与保加利亚乳杆菌Lb0925B菌株组合,测定其组合菌株的发酵性能。通过实验发现组合菌株发酵速率均比单菌株发酵速率快,其中含有嗜热链球菌StCH-1的组合菌株发酵速率较快,而含有嗜热链球菌StTA040的组合菌株的胞外多糖产量较高,发酵乳的黏度较高,持水力较强;三组分发酵剂的发酵速率快,发酵乳在贮藏期间黏度高,持水力强,通过感官分析得出三组分发酵剂制得的发酵乳的口感和风味最佳。     

益生菌混合菌种在发酵豆乳中的优化

采用益生菌混合物AST和TLB分别在42℃进行豆乳的发酵,在发酵豆乳的发酵和贮存过程中(4℃下28d),观察pH值和活菌数的变化情况。在AST益生菌混合物(嗜酸性乳杆菌,双歧杆菌和嗜热链球菌)的培育下,42℃下发酵时间减少到8h。但嗜酸性乳杆菌在冷藏的过程中生存状态较差,其活菌数在冷藏后一周后未达到标准。将豆乳在42℃下用TLB益生菌(嗜热链球菌,保加利亚乳杆菌和动物双歧杆菌乳酸亚种Bb12)进行发酵,结果发酵时间缩短到4h,双歧杆菌活菌数目的对数增加了约一半,而且经过28d的冷藏,细菌数仍然维持在107 CFU/mL以上。     

Effects of inulin and oligofructose on the rheological characteristics and probiotic culture survival in low-fat probiotic ice cream

ABSTRACT:  The effects of supplementation of oligofructose or inulin on the rheological characteristics and survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 in low-fat ice cream stored at –18 °C for 90 d were studied. Addition of oligofructose or inulin to ice cream mix significantly increased apparent viscosity and overrun and developed the melting properties in ice cream during storage ( P < 0.05). However, the highest increase in firmness, the lowest change in melting properties, and the longest 1st dripping time were obtained in probiotic ice cream containing inulin ( P < 0.05). Some textural properties have also improved especially by the end of storage. Freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 ( P < 0.05). Oligofructose significantly improved the viability of L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis Bb-12 in ice cream mix ( P < 0.05). Although the viable numbers for both bacteria decreased throughout the storage, the minimum level of 10⁶ CFU/g was maintained for B. animalis Bb-12 in only ice cream with oligofructose during storage.