Extrusion improved the physical and chemical properties of dietary fibre from bamboo shoot by-products

Bamboo shoot by-products are regarded as waste and environmental pollutant. This study aimed to improve the functional properties of dietary fibre from bamboo shoot by-products. After CO₂ extrusion, the particle size of CO₂-extruded bamboo fibre was 17.6% lower than that of the control, and its specific surface area was 2.85 times that of the control. The soluble dietary fibre content was significantly increased from 5.64 g/100 g to 11.05 g/100 g (P < 0.05), and the capacities for water holding, swelling and oil holding were remarkably improved. The cholesterol adsorption of CO₂-extruded bamboo fibre was increased from 96.54 μg g⁻¹ to 174.65 μg g⁻¹ (pH 7.0), and its nitrite ion adsorption capacity was increased from 503.33 μg g⁻¹ to 657.27 μg g⁻¹ (pH 2.0). In summary, the structural changes of bamboo fibre such as internal porosity, surface roughening and low crystallinity indicated that its functional properties were improved after CO₂ extrusion.     

红松松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质

以红松松仁膜衣为原料,制备可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF),对IDF进行木聚糖酶改性,制备改性可溶性膳食纤维(Modified soluble dietary,MSDF)和改性不溶性膳食纤维(Modified insoluble dietary fiber,MIDF),测定葡萄糖、胆固醇、胆酸钠吸附能力及葡萄糖透析延迟指数。结果表明:MSDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较SDF显著提高,且MIDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较IDF极显著提高;模拟胃环境,改性后的膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力均有提高,且MSDF显著高于SDF;MIDF胆酸钠的吸附能力极显著高于IDF,可达60.73mg/g,是IDF的2.98倍;MIDF的葡萄糖透析延迟指数高于IDF,且120 min时趋于稳定,可达21.69%,较IDF显著提高了7.24%。因此,木聚糖酶可提高松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质,且木聚糖酶改性是一种适合松仁膜衣膳食纤维改性的优良方法。     

雷竹笋渣及其膳食纤维的物化特性分析

该研究对雷竹笋渣及其经各种不同的方法处理后得到的膳食纤维的物化特性进行了测定和分析。研究表明,雷竹笋渣采用化学法和发酵法加工制备膳食纤维,成品的性能均有显著的提高(P＜0.05);与化学法制备的膳食纤维比较,发酵法制备的膳食纤维除对脂肪的吸附能力较低之外,其他性能如水合性质(持水力、溶胀性、结合水力分别为7.43 g/g、5.57 mL/g、5.26 g/g)、阳离子交换能力0.43 mmol/g、吸附胆固醇的能力5.25 mg/g、NO2-的吸附能力1.45 mg/g均显著优于化学法制备的膳食纤维的水合性质(5.48 g/g、4.30 mL/g、4.54 g/g)、阳离子交换能力0.37 mmol/g、吸附胆固醇的能力2.02 mg/g、NO2-的吸附能力0.80 mg/g。就对膳食纤维的性能的影响而言,发酵法是最佳的制备雷竹笋渣膳食纤维的方法。     

发芽对绿豆皮膳食纤维结构及性质的影响

为研究发芽对绿豆皮膳食纤维结构及功能性质的影响,采用X射线衍射分析、红外光谱分析和电子显微镜扫描等方法测定其结构,并对其持水力、持油力、膨胀力、阳离子交换能力、吸附葡萄糖能力、吸附胆固醇能力和吸附NO2 － 能力等功能性质进行对比研究。结果表明：发芽处理后绿豆皮中总膳食纤维含量增加3.40%,可溶性膳食纤维增加13.62%。发芽绿豆皮膳食纤维的持水力、持油力、膨胀力明显提高,分别达到（6.97±0.32）、（4.93±0.10） g/g、（4.79±0.11） mL/g,阳离子交换能力略有降低,为（0.47±0.02） mmol/g,吸附葡萄糖能力增加,为（8.37±0.18） mmol/g,吸附胆固醇能力增加,为（2.23±0.11） mg/（mL·g）,吸附NO2 － 能力有所降低,为（3.92±0.09） mg/g。扫描电子显微镜结果表明,发芽可使绿豆皮膳食纤维表面出现更多孔隙和褶皱,有利于膳食纤维吸附能力的提高;X射线衍射结果表明,发芽没有改变绿豆皮膳食纤维的结晶度,较好地保留了膳食纤维的结晶区和非结晶区;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明,发芽没有破坏绿豆皮膳食纤维的官能团结构。绿豆经发芽处理后改善了绿豆皮膳食纤维的大部分功能性质,较好地保留了其结构,有利于绿豆副产物的开发利用。     

Nutritional and functional components of mulberry leaves from different varieties: Evaluation of their potential as food materials

Mulberry leaves had been used as material of medicine, drink, and functional foods in many countries, but the variety suitability for different applications is still not clear. In this study, the nutritional and phytochemical components of mulberry tender shoots from 19 varieties in China were investigated. Obvious genotypic diversity was observed in all the assessed components. The contents of crude protein (CP), total soluble sugars (TSS), crude fiber (CF), 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), total phenolic (TP), and total flavonoid content (TF) were 27.63–37.36 g/100 g dry weight (DW), 58.71–150.31 mg/g DW, 9.90–13.85 g/100 g DW, 0.08–1.12 mg/g DW, 8.76–20.26 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW, and 21.36–56.41 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g DW, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, and astragalin were considered to be mainly potential antioxidant compounds in mulberry leaves. According to the result of correlational analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the NS14 variety had high comprehensive healthy properties. GS8, D10, XS, TP2, and DHS could be appropriate materials for functional food or drink because of high content of phenolics or DNJ. Some varieties may have a potential application as protein-rich vegetables. The study suggests that some variety of mulberry could be selected and utilized rationally for their dietary properties.     

沙果膳食纤维对胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子吸附作用的研究

采用离体实验模拟人体胃和肠道的pH值条件,探讨了沙果膳食纤维对胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子(NO2-的吸附能力.结果表明,在体外模拟实验中,沙果膳食纤维对对胆固醇和NO2-的吸附效果与pH值有关.沙果膳食纤维在pH值为7.0中性条件下(模拟小肠的pH值环境)对胆固醇的平均吸附量为7.62mg/g,高于pH值为2.0酸性条件下(模拟胃的酸性条件)的5.80mg/g吸附量;沙果膳食纤维在pH值为2.0条件下对NO2-的吸附能力为1.21 mg/g,高于pH7.0条件下的0.85mg/g的吸附量.说明沙果膳食纤维具有明显的清除胆固醇和NO2-的效果,是一类高活性的膳食纤维.     

毛葱膳食纤维性质及结构分析

以毛葱膳食纤维为研究对象,对其不同粒度条件下的持水力、膨胀力、持油力、阳离子交换能力和胆固醇吸附能力等功能性质进行研究,并采用电子显微镜扫描、红外光谱分析和X-射线衍射分析等方法测定其结构。结果表明：毛葱中可溶性膳食纤维质量分数为5.79%;持水力、膨胀力、持油力、阳离子交换能力分别为14.83?g/g、19.57?mL/g、1.95?g/g和0.62?mmol/g。在pH?2条件下胆固醇吸附能力为126.73?mg/g;在pH?7条件下为159.50?mg/g。扫描电子显微镜结果表明毛葱膳食纤维呈无规则片状网格结构,结构蓬松;傅里叶红外光谱分析表明毛葱膳食纤维具有C—H键、O—H键、C＝O键等纤维素及半纤维素的特征吸收峰。X-射线衍射结果表明毛葱膳食纤维的结晶度较好的保留了膳食纤维的结晶区和非结晶区。     

Improved function of bamboo shoot fibre by high-speed shear dispersing combined with enzyme treatment

With the increase in global welfare, metabolic syndrome-related diseases seriously disrupt our quality of life. Balanced diet with low calories, low glycaemic index, and high dietary fibre such as bamboo shoot fibre is needed. Functional properties of dietary fibre can be improved by processing methods. Therefore, we compared the effect of three processing methods (high-speed shear dispersing, enzyme treatment and combined treatment) on the characteristics and functions of bamboo shoot fibres. Combined treatment resulted in high SDF content (10.15%), adsorption capacity of glucose (4.45–18.18 mmol g⁻¹), nitrite ion (505.49 μg g⁻¹ [pH 2.0]), and cholesterol (333.72 μg g⁻¹ [pH 2.0]). FTIR revealed that hydroxyl groups, sugar methylene and benzene rings of aromatic compounds existed in the treated bamboo shoots. The particle size (D₅₀) decreased from 383.90 to 30.65 μm. Honeycomb-like structure was also observed through SEM. Thus, proper processing of bamboo shoot fibres can improve their functions as food ingredients.     

马铃薯膳食纤维物化特性分析及其对马铃薯热干面品质的影响

以马铃薯为原料,对膳食纤维进行提取制备,考察马铃薯膳食纤维的物化特性,并测定不同马铃薯膳食纤维添加量对马铃薯热干面品质的影响。结果表明,马铃薯膳食纤维中不溶性膳食纤维占48.74%;马铃薯膳食纤维的持水性为11.23?g/g,持油性为1.76?g/g,吸水膨胀性为6.65?mL/g,葡萄糖吸附能力为0.87?mmol/g,胆固醇吸附能力为2.04?mg/g;膳食纤维在一定程度上改善了马铃薯热干面的品质：随着膳食纤维添加量的增加,热干面的吸水率、蒸煮损失率呈不规律变化趋势;其剪切力及拉伸力整体上呈逐渐减小的变化趋势;膳食纤维能延缓面条中淀粉的分解,且增加面条中蛋白质的消化率。综上所述,膳食纤维的建议添加量为5%～12%。     

超微粉碎对竹笋壳粉理化性质的影响

本文研究了超微粉碎技术对竹笋壳粉的基本组成、物理性质以及对亚硝酸根和胆固醇的吸附能力的影响。结果显示:超微粉碎处理后竹笋壳粉的水分、灰分、蛋白质和膳食纤维含量保持稳定的同时其平均粒径由383.90 μm降至12.69 μm。另外粉体亮度显著提升(p<0.05),红色度和黄色度均显著降低(p<0.05)。竹笋壳超微粉的持水性和持油性无显著变化,溶胀性显著降低(由7.48 mL/g降至5.50 mL/g)(p<0.05)。竹笋壳超微粉对亚硝酸根离子和胆固醇吸附量分别为558.26 μg/g(pH2.0)、346.19 μg/g(pH7.0),吸附能力分别提升了24.6%和9.1%(p<0.05)。傅立叶红外光谱显示超微粉碎对竹笋壳粉中羟基,糖类亚甲基以及木质素中芳香族化合物没有影响。同时扫描电镜观察发现超微粉碎造成粉体颗粒表面呈蜂窝状。故超微粉碎处理能够较好的维持竹笋壳粉的基本组成成分,并改善其理化性质。     

滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的提取及其体外吸附性能研究

本文以滇橄榄果渣为原料,优化其膳食纤维的碱法提取工艺,同时探讨了滇橄榄果渣、总膳食纤维（total dietary fiber,TDF）、水不溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）及水溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）的理化性质及其体外吸附能力。结果表明:碱法提取滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的最优工艺为:NaOH浓度为8 g/L,料液比为1:35（g:mL）,70 ℃处理40 min,IDF和SDF的得率分别为61.72%±0.04%、17.57%±0.03%。滇橄榄果渣及其膳食纤维均具有较好的水化特性和持油力,TDF的持水力最低但膨胀力最高,与滇橄榄果渣、SDF和IDF存在显著性差异（P<0.05）;SDF的持油力、膨胀力和对脂肪的吸附能力均较低,但在模拟胃环境（pH2）的条件下对胆固醇和NO₂?的吸附能力均高于滇橄榄果渣、TDF和IDF,且存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。滇橄榄果渣及其膳食纤维对胆固醇和NO₂?的吸附与pH有关,TDF和SDF在模拟胃环境的条件下对胆固醇的吸附能力强于模拟小肠环境,滇橄榄果渣和IDF则相反;四个样品在模拟胃环境的条件下对NO₂?的吸附能力均强于模拟小肠环境。本文对滇橄榄果渣膳食纤维的提取及性能研究,可为其在保健食品中的应用提供一定的理论参考。     

改性方式对红花籽粕可溶性膳食纤维理化性质和吸附特性的影响

为改善红花籽粕可溶性膳食纤维的部分理化性质和其吸附特性,以红花籽粕为原料,分别考察碱-酶法、酶-高温蒸煮法、碱-高温蒸煮法3种不同改性方式对其可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）的持水力、膨胀力、持油力等部分理化性质及对葡萄糖、阳离子、胆固醇和亚硝酸根离子吸附能力的影响。结果表明,碱-高温蒸煮法优于其他两种方法,碱-高温蒸煮法改性的红花籽粕SDF的持水力、膨胀力和持油力最佳,分别为5.58 g/g、3.98 mL/g和4.38 g/g;对葡萄糖吸附能力为16.08 mmol/g,在1% NaOH添加量为1～4 mL时,阳离子吸附效果最佳;在pH为2和7时,对胆固醇吸附能力分别为7.68 mg/g、10.14 mg/g,对亚硝酸盐吸附能力为56.43 μg/g、30.53 μg/g。     

不同品种竹笋营养品质分析与综合评价

为探究方竹笋、马蹄笋、大头笋、麻竹笋、甜笋的主要营养成分含量差异,对其基本成分、氨基酸及矿物质含量进行分析。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定矿物质含量,采用氨基酸分析仪测定游离氨基酸含量,进行氨基酸比值分析及主成分综合评价。结果表明:方竹笋的蛋白质含量(3.73 g/100 g)、K含量(4031.52 mg/kg)、Ca含量(276.82 mg/kg)、马蹄笋的粗纤维含量(1.59 g/100 g)显著高于其他四个品种。矿物质元素分析中,甜竹笋Mg、Fe、Mn含量较其他竹笋高,分别为153.16 mg/kg、5.57 mg/kg、17.46 mg/kg,大头笋和甜笋含有少量的Se,有害元素Cr、Pb、Hg含量均在允许国家允许范围内,因此,方竹笋可作为补充蛋白质和K、Ca元素的来源,马蹄笋可被看作是高富含膳食纤维的食物,甜竹笋可作为补充Fe元素的来源,大头笋和甜笋可作为富硒蔬菜。通过必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量比值(essential amino acid/total amino acid,EAA/TAA)和必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(essential amino acid/nonesse...     

麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维常规粉碎和超微粉碎物化特性比较

为明确普通粉碎和超微粉碎对麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维物化特性影响,对处理后的麦麸和麦麸膳食纤维持水性、持油性、吸水膨胀性、黏度、阳离子交换能力及对油脂、胆固醇、胆酸钠和葡萄糖吸附能力进行了测定。结果表明:麦麸膳食纤维比麦麸具有更高的WHC和OHC,而超微粉碎处理可进一步提升麦麸膳食纤维WHC和OHC,分别为4.99 g/g和6.30 g/g;在胆酸钠浓度为3 mg/mL时,超微粉碎麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维胆酸钠吸附量最高,分别为40.58 mg/g和46.08 mg/g;在葡萄糖浓度为50～100 mmol/L范围内,超微粉碎后麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维葡萄糖吸附量亦明显上升。pH7时,普通粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力低于麦麸膳食纤维,而超微粉碎处理后麦麸胆固醇吸附能力高于麦麸膳食纤维。普通粉碎的麦麸对不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸吸附量最高,分别达到1.56 g/g和1.13g/g。研究表明麦麸及麦麸膳食纤维表通过处理后现出不同物化特性,这将为麦麸食品化利用及对食品体系物化特性影响提供理论依据。     

两种超微粉碎法对西番莲果皮水不溶性膳食纤维改性效果的研究

本实验以西番莲果皮膳食纤维为原料,采用干法超微粉碎和湿法超微粉碎进行改性处理,并对改性后的膳食纤维进行形貌观察和理化性质测定。电镜扫描结果显示经两种方式改性后,膳食纤维的组织结构都有破坏,且湿法更严重;红外光谱分析结果显示改性后的膳食纤维羟基所在峰位均发生一定的蓝移,促进了羟基基团的暴露;X衍射结果显示改性后的膳食纤维晶区并未发生改变;膳食纤维改性后,持水力、膨胀力、水溶性和SDF溶出率都有所增强,尤其是经湿法改性持水力由6.739 g/g提高到20.085 g/g,增加了198.04%;但改性对阳离子交换能力影响不大;膳食纤维改性后,对脂肪酸、胆固醇、亚硝酸根离子和胆酸钠的吸附能力都有提高,且湿法强于干法。整体而言,这两种超微粉碎法对膳食纤维的改性都有效果,并且湿法对多数指标的改性效果均达到显著水平,强于干法。     

Application of NaOH-HCl-Modified Apple Pomace to Binding Epigallocatechin Gallate

NaOH-HCl-modified apple pomace was prepared in order to increase the adsorption capacity for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg). The modified apple pomace contained 408.2 mg g^?1 dietary fiber, 57.7 mg g^?1 lignin, 23.2 mg g^?1 protein, and 9.0 mg g^?1 pectin, and the features of the apple pomace materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adsorption of EGCg onto modified apple pomace showed excellent fitness with the pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that chemisorption was the rate-controlling step. The isothermal adsorption studies were carried out over a range of concentrations (25–1000 mg L^?1) and temperatures (20, 30, and 40 °C). Low temperature advanced the adsorption capacity for EGCg. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models precisely described the isothermal adsorption of EGCg onto modified apple pomace. Thermodynamics showed that this adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Our study highlights that NaOH-HCl-modified apple pomace has good adsorption characteristics for EGCg, which could be a promising candidate for EGCg delivery in functional food and dietary supplement applications.     

Functional Properties and Morphological Characters of Soluble Dietary Fibers in Different Edible Parts of Angelica Keiskei

This study comparatively investigated the functional properties, chemical compositions, and morphological characters of soluble dietary fibers (SDFs) from the root, stem, and leaf of Angelica keiskei. The SDFs showed relevant functional properties, with the root SDF (RSDF) exhibiting the highest water‐holding capacity (22.6 g/g), oil‐holding capacity (6.29 mL/g), swelling capacity (36.6 mL/g), emulsion stability, and fat adsorption (5.66 g/g). Stem SDF (SSDF) gave the highest foam stability, toxic ions adsorption (Pb: 1.12 mg/g; As: 3.22 mg/g), and bile acid salts adsorption (sodium cholate: 85.6 mg/g; sodium glycocholate: 93.1 mg/g; sodium taurocholate: 125.7 mg/g). RSDF and SSDF presented similar monosaccharide compositions, thermal property, chemical bonds and groups, and irregular, rough, and porous surfaces. It can be concluded that the obtained SDFs, especially for RSDF and SSDF, can be used in the food industry as fiber‐rich functional ingredients.     

提取方式对大豆膳食纤维理化及功能特性的影响

生物解离大豆残渣中膳食纤维含量丰富,为明晰生物解离提取法对大豆膳食纤维的改性效果,获取高品质大豆膳食纤维,本研究测定生物解离大豆膳食纤维的纯度、理化性质及功能特性,并与水提法天然大豆膳食纤维,化学法、发酵法及挤压膨化法改性大豆膳食纤维进行对比。结果表明：生物解离大豆膳食纤维纯度可达82.58%,其中可溶性膳食纤维含量约占总膳食纤维的60%,属于优质膳食纤维;生物解离膳食纤维的持水性、持油性、膨胀性和溶解性分别为6.87 g/g、5.48 g/g、8.22 mL/g和5.07%,均明显高于其他方式提取的膳食纤维。功能特性测定结果表明,不同方式提取的膳食纤维功能特性强弱次序均为生物解离膳食纤维＞挤压膨化法改性膳食纤维＞发酵法改性膳食纤维＞化学法改性膳食纤维＞水提法膳食纤维。生物解离膳食纤维在pH 7.0时对Pb2＋、As＋、Cu2＋ 3 种重金属离子吸附能力分别为351.2、304.1、214.1 μmol/g。此外,生物解离大豆膳食纤维的葡萄糖吸收能力、α-淀粉酶抑制能力和胆汁酸阻滞指数分别为6.56～35.78 mmol/g、18.42%和33.12%～35.52%,均显著高于其余提取方式的膳食纤维。因此,生物解离提取法对大豆膳食纤维改性效果显著,生物解离残渣可作为一种新型的膳食纤维来源进行开发应用。     

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of quince fruit pulp collected from different locations

This study was carried out to examine the physicochemical and functional characteristics of quince fruit pulp. The matured quince fruits were collected from different locations of Poonch, AJ&;K, Pakistan. Significant differences (P ? 0.05) were found among fruits collected from these locations. The quince pulp has the following characteristics: pH (3.43), total soluble solids (14.22°Brix), acidity (1.25%), carbohydrate (13.38 g/100 g), reducing sugar (5.15 g/100 g), non-reducing sugar (4.61 g/100 g), moisture (84.27 g/100 g), ash (0.62 g/100 g), fat (0.24 g/100 g), protein (0.49 g/100 g), fiber (1.65 g/100 g), ascorbic acid (15.46 mg/100 g), and total phenolic (68.13 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g) and antioxidant activity (50.05%). This exploration is the basic direction, which highlights the nutritional characteristics of quince fruit grown in AJ&;K, Pakistan.     

Effect of extraction methods on structural,physiochemical and functional properties of dietary fiber from defatted walnut flour

The effect of different extraction methods i.e. extraction with alkali (AEDF), enzyme (EEDF) and enzyme plus shear emulsifying hydrolysis (SEDF) on structure, physiochemical as well as the functional characteristics of dietary fiber (DF) from defatted walnut flour were studied. AEDF process showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) amount of water retention capacity (WRC; 5.39 g/g), water swelling capacity (WSC; 3.16 g/mL), and particle size; while, shown lower value of oil adsorption capacity (OAC; 29 g/g) amongst all. Compared to AEDF, no major differences were observed in network except the matrix in EEDF and SEDF was more porous and honey comb like. DF extracted through AEDF, EEDF and SEDF showed good viscosity and emulsifying activity however, less stability indices. The results from this study suggest that AEDF and EEDF and SEDF had specific effects on the structure-functional properties of DF from defatted walnut flour, which has great potential in food applications.