荔枝玫瑰酒的营养成分分析与皮肤抗氧化功效研究

该研究检测了荔枝玫瑰酒的营养成分及其对D-半乳糖诱导的衰老小鼠皮肤抗氧化作用。60只小鼠随机分为正常组、D-半乳糖处理组、维生素C对照组及低剂量、中剂量和高剂量荔枝玫瑰酒组，饲喂12周后采样分析。结果表明，荔枝玫瑰酒含有丰富的多酚、黄酮、单宁及维生素C，分别为0.43 g/L、0.25 g/L、0.12 g/L和3.15 mg/100 mL；小鼠饲喂12周后，各组体质量无显著差异（P＞0.05）；高剂量荔枝玫瑰酒（45.00 mL/kg体质量）饲喂可显著提高衰老小鼠皮肤含水率、羟脯胺酸和胶原蛋白含量，降低丙二醛含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性，提高谷胱甘肽含量、超氧化歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性（P＜0.05），维持皮肤较好的氧化还原稳态；同时通过恢复衰老小鼠皮肤抗氧化和胶原蛋白代谢相关基因表达，抑制了皮肤氧化损伤和胶原分解。     

荔枝多酚对营养性肥胖小鼠减肥和增强免疫力作用研究

建立营养性肥胖小鼠模型,探讨荔枝多酚(litchi polyphenol,LP)减肥和增强免疫力作用。72只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组12只,饲喂基础饲料,高脂组60只,饲喂高脂饲料,饲喂高脂饲料4周后,60只小鼠随机分为模型组、左旋肉碱组(500 mg/kg)、荔枝多酚低剂量组(300 mg/kg)、中剂量组(400 mg/kg)、高剂量组(500 mg/kg),每组12只,动物继续饲喂高脂饲料,同时各组小鼠灌胃上述药物2周。试验结束后比较各组小鼠体重、脂肪重量、Lee's指数、脾脏指数和胸腺指数及免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A, IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白M (immunoglobulin M ,IgM)含量。荔枝多酚高剂量组体重、Lee's指数、肠系膜、双肾周、附睾的脂肪重量显著低于模型组(p<0.05),中剂量组、低剂量组的双肾周、附睾湿重低于模型组(p<0.05);荔枝多酚高剂量组小鼠血清中的IgA含量显著高于模型组(p<0.05),中剂量、低剂量组的IgG、IgM 显著高于模型组。LP 对高脂饲料诱导的肥胖大鼠具有抑制饮食量、降低体重,具有明显的减肥和提高免疫力作用。     

马齿苋乙醇及其正乙醇提取物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的学习记忆作用

目的：研究马齿苋不同提取物对D-半乳糖致衰老小鼠的学习记忆能力及其作用机制。方法：取小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、马齿苋正丁醇提取物组(0.5、0.25g/(kg ·d),以体质量计)和马齿苋乙醇提取物组(1、0.5g/(kg ·d),以体质量计)。除正常组颈背部皮下注射生理盐水外,其他各组均皮下注射D-半乳糖(1g/(kg ·d),以体质量计),注射后每天下午灌胃给药,连续42d。采用避暗法和水迷宫法测定衰老小鼠学习记忆能力,同时测定衰老小鼠脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。结果：马齿苋正丁醇提取物(0.5、0.25g/(kg ·d))均可提高衰老小鼠学习记忆能力(P＜0.01),0.5g/(kg ·d)剂量组可显著提高衰老小鼠脑组织SOD和GSH-Px的活性(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),0.25g/(kg ·d)剂量组马齿苋正丁醇提取物可显著降低MDA含量(P＜0.05);马齿苋乙醇提取物可极显著提高衰老小鼠学习记忆能力(P＜0.01),显著降低脑组织MDA含量(P＜0.05)。结论：马齿苋不同提取物能明显改善衰老小鼠学习记忆能力,其机制可能与提高SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量有关。马齿苋正丁醇提取物好于马齿苋乙醇提取物。     

配方奶粉中添加2'-岩藻糖基乳糖对小鼠消化吸收功能影响

以6～8周龄的BALB/C小鼠为研究模型,探讨2'-岩藻糖基乳糖(2'-fucosyllactose, 2'-FL)对BALB/C小鼠生产性能、血液生化指标、养分利用率的影响。将60只小鼠随机分为三组,空白对照组(NS组)、质量分数为1 g/kg的2'-FL低剂组、质量分数为2 g/kg的2'-FL高剂组。空白组饲喂普通的配方奶粉,实验组饲喂添加两个不同水平质量分数的2'-FL,饲喂周期为28天。结果表明:与NS组相比,2'-FL组小鼠的生长性能、血浆游离氨基酸水平、尿素氮、类胰岛素因子、血糖均无影响(P0.05),但质量分数为2 g/kg的2'-FL高剂组血中胰岛素水平有所增高(P0.05)。且向饲粮中添加1 g/kg 2'-FL能提高小鼠对粗脂肪、总能、钙和磷的表观消化率(P0.05)。     

杜仲叶提取物减肥功能评价

为开发杜仲叶提取物的保健食品,本文对其进行了减肥功能研究。以杜仲叶乙醇提取物为受试样品,50只昆明小鼠随机分成5组:空白对照组,模型对照组,以及高剂量组(600 mg/kg·BW)、中剂量组(300 mg/kg·BW),低剂量组(150 mg/kg·BW),每组10只,模型对照组和剂量组饲喂营养饲料,空白对照组给予基础饲料,饲养30 d,试验期间分别测定每只动物的摄食量、饮水量及体重。试验结束时称体重,解剖取体脂并称重,计算脂/体比,食物利用率、Lee's指数。结果:各剂量组的体重和脂/体比明显低于模型对照组,并且其摄食量不显著低于模型对照组。该研究表明杜仲叶乙醇提取物具有减肥功能。     

酶膜耦合连续法制备玉米肽解酒及防醉研究

为了考察酶膜耦合连续法制备的玉米肽(CP)在动物体内的解酒及防醉效果,并与间歇法制备的CP进行比较,采用小鼠模型分别进行翻正反射实验、解酒和防醉实验,并以市售海王金樽为阳性对照,观察小鼠的醉酒只数和醉酒时间,测定小鼠血清中乙醇体积分数及肝脏乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)的活力。结果表明：酶膜耦合连续法制备的CP能极显著地缩短小鼠醉酒时间及降低酒后血清中乙醇体积分数(P＜0.01),极显著激活其肝脏ADH活力(P＜0.01);各项数据均显示CP具有良好的解酒、防醉效果,连续法制备的CP其醒酒效果优于间歇法制备的CP;CP的摄入时间与饮酒时间间隔短是有利的;摄入300mg/kg(以体质量计)连续法制备的CP其解酒效果与摄入450mg/kg海王金樽相当。酶膜耦合连续法制备的CP是良好的醒酒物。     

百合水提物和乙醇提取物对小鼠睡眠的影响

比较百合水提取物和乙醇提取物对小鼠睡眠的影响。两种提取物分别设置剂量为0.625 g/kg BW、1.25 g/kg BW(以生药计),并设空白对照组(蒸馏水),对小鼠连续灌胃30 d后,进行直接睡眠实验、延长戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间实验、戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量催眠实验和巴比妥钠睡眠潜伏期实验,并检测小鼠脑组织5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine,5-HT)、γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)、谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)的含量。结果表明,百合水提取物和乙醇提取物对小鼠均无直接睡眠作用;水提取物、乙醇提取物1.25 g/kg BW均可延长小鼠睡眠时间(P<0.05,P<0.01);且能增加戊巴比妥钠阈下剂量入睡小鼠数(P<0.05,P<0.05)、缩短巴比妥钠小鼠睡眠潜伏期(P<0.05,P<0.01)。百合水提取物、乙醇提取物1.25 g/kg BW组小鼠脑组织5-HT、GABA、Glu水平与空白对照组具有统计学差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),但是百合水提取物与乙醇提取物相比,差异不...     

黑豆肽对高脂性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

目的:研究黑豆肽对高脂性肝损伤小鼠保护作用.方法:选择健康的雄性ICR小鼠,适应性饲养7?d后,按照体质量随机分为对照组和模型组.连续饲喂模型组小鼠高脂饲料5周,建立高脂性肝损伤模型.第5周后,将造模小鼠按照体质量随机分为模型组、阳性药物组以及黑豆肽高、中、低剂量组(1000、800、400?mg/kg?mb),连续灌...     

白藜芦醇对KKAy小鼠体质量和脂肪分布的影响及机制

目的:观察白藜芦醇(resveratrol,res)对KKAy小鼠体质量和脂肪分布的影响,并探讨其中机制。方法:将36只8周龄KKAy小鼠分成3组,其中两组KKAy小鼠分别饲喂添加白藜芦醇(以饲料质量2、4g/kg添加)的AIN93G饲料,另外以12只同周龄C57BL/6J小鼠为对照。观察干预12周后白藜芦醇对小鼠体质量及皮下脂肪、附睾脂肪分布的影响;Western blot实验检测不同组小鼠附睾及皮下脂肪组织中沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,sirt-1)、过氧化物增殖物受体γ(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ,PPARγ)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinα,C/EBPα)蛋白表达水平。结果:白藜芦醇干预可以在不影响摄食量的情况下减轻KKAy小鼠体质量,与模型组相比,高剂量res组小鼠体质量降低,且脂肪组织的质量及与脂肪组织系数降低;附睾及皮下脂肪组织中sirt-1的表达升高,PPARγ及C/EBPα蛋白表达水平降低。结论:白藜芦醇可以减轻肥胖小鼠...     

固态法白酒甑桶蒸馏的理论研究

酒醅物性和工艺条件是影响甑桶蒸馏的两大重要因素。该文基于乙醇和水的相平衡关系，建立了各醅层之间的质量和能量守恒方程，从而构建了底锅、甑桶及冷凝器内的瞬态传热传质过程数学模型。实例分析表明，正品基酒产量、乙醇提取率分别与酒醅中乙醇占液相质量分数、底锅乙醇质量成正相关；在计算工况范围内与饱和蒸汽流量成负相关。酒醅液相质量分数只影响正品基酒产量，对乙醇提取率影响不大。酒醅中乙醇占液相质量分数由3%增加至7%，乙醇提取率提高约70%；饱和蒸汽流量由0.036 kg/s提高至0.140 kg/s，乙醇提取率降低约40%；底锅中乙醇添加量由0增加至20 kg，乙醇提取率增加约10%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.