基于实际城区场景的TD-LTE异构网络性能研究

本文对密集城区环境下的实际TD-LTE网络部署进行了研究.通过系统级仿真对宏小区/微小区、宏小区/家庭基站小区、宏小区/微小区/家庭基站小区3种异构网络的下行系统性能进行研究,并与单一宏小区的网络部署场景进行了比较.对实际城区环境下的信号传播损耗模型和用户分布进行了三维空间建模.通过比较4种不同TD-LTE网络部署方案下,位于不同楼层高度室内用户的性能,得出异构网络中不同小区(宏小区、微小区和家庭基站小区)的覆盖和容量特性.     

分层异构网络中基于斯坦克尔伯格博弈的资源分配算法

分层异构网络中家庭基站与宏基站之间往往存在干扰,如何分配资源以获得高谱率和高容量、保证用户性能一直是研究的重点。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了一种异构蜂窝网络中基于斯坦克尔伯格博弈的家庭基站与宏基站联合资源分配算法,算法首先基于图论的分簇算法对家庭基站和宏用户进行分簇和信道分配,以减少家庭基站之间的同层干扰和家庭基站层与宏蜂窝网络的跨层干扰;然后建立了联合家庭基站发射功率以及宏用户接入选择的斯坦克尔伯格博弈,推导出达到纳什均衡时的家庭基站发射功率的表达式,并据此为宏用户选择合适的接入策略。仿真结果表明,该算法能够有效地提高宏用户的信干噪比（SINR）,家庭用户的性能也得到改善。      

LTE—A异构网络中CoMP—JP在不同功率分配方案下的性能对比

为解决异构网络中的干扰问题,研究了存在LTE-A异构网络中进行相干协作多天线传输,并使用迫零预编码时不同功率分配片案对系统性能的影响。包括按最大数据率分配、按公平性分配和等功率分配,并进行了相应的仿真分析。结果表明,三种功率分配方案对宏用户的影响差别并不大,主要差别体现存微用户上;宏用户的数据率主要受到微小区与宏用户位置关系的影响,而这种彰响本质上是由微基站的单机站功率约束造成的。     

干扰控制技术在LTE家庭基站中的应用

家庭基站是近年新兴的室内覆盖技术,能以较低的功率为用户提供高速率高带宽的服务,是新一代移动网络与固定网络的一种融合方式。文章主要针对家庭基站和现有宏蜂窝基站组成的异构网络的几种典型干扰场景,从上、下行功率控制和无线资源干扰协调三方面,对家庭基站干扰管理的基本原理进行了说明,并介绍了基于干扰抑制的上、下行功率控制和干扰协调等典型的干扰管理技术。     

基于指派模型的LTE-A异构网节能负载均衡算法

无线通信能耗问题受到越来越多重视,能量效率成为下一代无线通信(5G)三大效率特性之一。当前异构网络(heterogeneous network,Het Net)负载均衡的研究缺少对网络整体功耗的优化考量,根据异构网重叠覆盖的特性建立了面向指派模型的用户负载功率模型,并针对有限的用户负载问题提出一种扩增指派算法求解宏扇区内所有基站功率最小化问题,在LTE系统级仿真平台中仿真表明,无论基站是否支持休眠功能,此算法都能在保证用户速率的条件下有明显的节能效果。     

基于硬件损伤的异构网络鲁棒安全资源分配算法

针对多蜂窝多用户异构网络中收发机处信号畸变、用户信息泄露和传输中断等问题,该文提出一种基于硬件损伤的异构网络鲁棒安全资源分配算法。考虑小蜂窝用户最小安全速率约束、小蜂窝基站最大发射功率约束和宏用户干扰功率约束,建立了基于有界信道不确定性的能效最大化资源分配模型。基于Dinkelbach法、最坏准则法和连续凸近似理论,将原非凸资源分配问题等价转换为凸优化问题,并利用拉格朗日对偶算法得到解析解。仿真结果表明,与现有算法相比,所提算法具有较好的能效和鲁棒性。     

基于合作博弈的CPS通信资源分配算法

为了提高信息物理融合系统的通信速率,同时保证各用户的QoS需求,提出了一种基于合作博弈的CPS通信资源分配算法。将CPS中OFDMA网络下行链路的资源分配过程建模为多用户间的合作博弈,通过求解纳什议价解,实现用户间的Pareto最优性。仿真结果表明,该算法在系统速率最大化和用户公平性上获得了很好的折中,与最大化系统速率算法相比更具有公平性,与最大化最小公平性算法相比速率提高了34%,在一定程度上提高了CPS通信网络的性能。     

LTE中家庭基站的干扰协调

家庭基站是近年来新兴的室内覆盖技术,能以较低的功率为用户提供高速率高带宽的服务,是新一代移动网络与固定网络的一种融合方式。然而家庭基站的密集部署,重叠覆盖会造成复杂的干扰结构。因此,有效的干扰管理技术是家庭基站研究中的关键问题。干扰协调技术被3GPP RAN4工作组认为是解决家庭基站干扰问题的有效方法之一。文章主要分析了家庭基站和现有宏蜂窝基站组成的异构网络的几种典型干扰场景,对家庭基站干扰协调的基本原理进行了说明,并介绍了基于干扰协调原理的典型干扰管理技术在家庭基站干扰控制上的应用,最后对家庭基站干扰管理技术做出了展望。     

基于Femtocell网络的时域资源划分

为了满足数据流量增长的需求,在LTE蜂窝系统中引入家庭基站.家庭基站能够分担宏蜂窝的数据流量,与此同时,也给蜂窝系统带来了较大干扰,这些干扰大大影响了用户的通信质量.为解决此问题,提出一种基于家庭基站网络时域资源划分方案(F-MFTR),此方法把时域资源划分与软频率复用技术(SFR)结合起来,边缘用户通过最优化方法寻找最佳的功率段,未参加调度的用户在小区之间形成“隔离带”,在理论上保证了边缘用户与系统中其他用户之间不存在干扰.此外,所有的用户可以在全频段上搜索最佳的资源块,能够提升用户的通信质量.仿真表明,这种方法能大大提升系统的吞吐量.     

家庭基站用户的移动性管理

家庭基站通过宽带接入技术(如xDSL,有线电缆等)把家庭室内或小的商业机构与运营商网络连接起来,不仅可以帮助运营商实现室内覆盖,也可以为特定用户提供更高速率的移动业务,实现移动网络和固定网络有机结合.本文研究在3G网络中家庭基站用户的移动性管理.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.