10-290 K环境下聚酰亚胺纤维导热性能研究

为探究聚酰亚胺纤维的热导率随温度变化的规律及成因,利用瞬态电热技术得到聚酰亚胺纤维在不同温度下的热导率。实验研究表明,当温度处于10～290 K范围内,随着温度的降低,聚酰亚胺纤维的热扩散系数逐渐升高,热导率逐渐降低。从晶格振动(声子)导热为主入手,通过研究温度与晶格振动、声子浓度、声子平均自由程等实验参数之间的关系,在排除宏观方面例如气孔等材料瑕疵造成的影响后,得出结晶率是影响聚酰亚胺纤维在玻璃化转变温度附近热导率随温度变化的主要因素,而晶格振动是影响聚酰亚胺纤维在德拜温度附近热导率随温度变化的主要因素。因此可以通过改变结晶率、改善工艺条件等方法,制备满足不同生活、生产、科研需要的聚酰亚胺纤维。     

干式量热器测量隔热结构热性能实验研究

设计搭建一套基于两级G-M制冷机的圆筒形干式量热器装置,首先分析铜制和铝制量热杆对装置误差的影响,其次对3组不同的隔热结构进行热性能实验测试,并研究不同的边界温度对隔热结构热性能的影响。实验结果表明,铝制量热杆测量误差更小;在高真空环境下,隔热泡沫对复合结构的绝热性能影响不大,MLI或者VDMLI起主要绝热作用;分别改变冷边界温度和热边界温度对隔热结构热性能的影响不同,热边界温度一定,冷边界温度由20 K增大到100 K时,通过隔热结构的热流密度略有减小;冷边界温度一定,热边界温度由300 K增大到350 K时,通过隔热结构的热流密度急剧增大。     

应用于包装领域的明胶泡沫性能研究

目的 制作和表征基于明胶的生物基可堆肥降解泡沫材料,并应用于包装领域。方法 明胶泡沫通过机械发泡和在周围环境中干燥制成。研究明胶含量、表面活性剂含量以及发泡温度对泡沫最大发泡倍率(MER)、收缩、密度、结构以及压缩性能的影响。此外,研究不同明胶含量样品的导热率。结果 研究的3个因素对泡沫性能和结构有显著影响。MER值和收缩是黏度相关,并极大地影响泡沫密度、力学性能以及热导率。增加明胶含量制造出了密度和压缩强度更高的泡沫(由于MER值更低)。表面活性剂质量分数从0.75%增加到1.5%由于发泡性提升造成泡沫密度轻微下降。然而,进一步将表面活性剂质量分数提升至3%造成黏度显著增加、MER值下降,从而导致泡沫密度增加。更高的发泡温度可以得到更高的MER,但是由于液态泡沫稳定时间更长,收缩程度更大,泡沫密度更大。结论 明胶泡沫展现出作为低密度传统塑料泡沫(密度小于30 kg/m³)环保替代品极具潜力的性能。研究成功实现了明胶泡沫的低热导率〔0.038～0.039 W/(m.K)〕和相对较低的收缩程度。     

聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变的动力学模拟

聚酰亚胺具有许多优异的性能,因此在工业中得到了广泛应用。目前对聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变的研究都局限于实验法,但由于实验条件的限制如高温、高压等,通过实验方法难以得到实验数据,影响人们对聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变的认识。利用Materials Studio v7.0对聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变进行模拟,计算出4种不同聚酰亚胺在不同温度下的密度,从而得到比体积与温度关系图,再根据Fox和Flory提出的自由体积理论得到聚酰亚胺的玻璃化转变温度。模拟计算出的玻璃化转变温度与实验值基本一致,表明可以通过动力学模拟研究聚酰亚胺玻璃化转变。     

联苯酐型聚酰亚胺胶粘剂的合成与性能

以联苯二酐和三种含有醚键结构的二胺——4,4'-二氨基二苯醚(4,4'-ODA)、3,4'-二氨基二苯醚(3,4'-ODA)和1,3-二(4-氨基苯氧基)苯(1,3,4-APB)为原料,在N N-二甲基乙酰胺中通过逐步聚合反应,合成了三种含有柔性二胺结构的线性聚酰亚胺。分析了不同的溶剂及含水量对粘接性能的影响。考察了不同的分子结构对聚酰亚胺粘接性能和热性能的影响。通过红外分析,固化后的聚酰亚胺已经完全酰亚胺化;通过热失重分析发现,三种线性聚酰亚胺的热分解温度均在500℃以上,且由4,4'-ODA制得的聚酰亚胺(PI)耐热性能优于其余两种;热机械分析表明,1,3,4-APB具有最小的玻璃化转变温度。     

短切石英纤维/聚酰亚胺复合材料的制备与性能

采用湿法混合工艺制备了短切石英纤维增强的PMR 型聚酰亚胺复合材料模塑粉, 使用热模压一次成型技术制备了聚酰亚胺树脂基复合材料, 对复合材料的性能进行了系统研究。研究结果表明: 短切石英纤维增强的复合材料具有优异的热性能和良好的力学性能, 纤维含量对复合材料玻璃化转变温度和热失重温度影响不大,对材料的力学性能影响显著。复合材料具有优异的介电性能, 在1 kHz～18 GHz 宽频范围内具有稳定的介电常数和介电损耗。      

聚酰亚胺/二氧化硅复合薄膜的热物性及其影响因素

应用自行研制的亚微米/微米薄膜激光脉冲法热扩散率测定仪和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分别测定了聚酰亚胺(PI)薄膜和PI/SiO_2复合薄膜在不同温度下的热扩散率、热导率和比热,解决了激光脉冲法测定热导试样的透光问题.研究了PI/SiO_2复合薄膜的热物性随SiO_2添加量和温度的变化关系.结果表明:随着温度的升高,PI薄膜及PI/SiO_2复合薄膜的热扩散率下降,比热和热导率线性增加.在PI薄膜中添加SiO_2颗粒可降低PI薄膜的比热,明显增强导热性能,但是不会改变PI薄膜热导率随温度升高而增大的变化规律.     

亚异丙基及醚键改善聚酰亚胺加工性能的研究

以2,2-双[4-(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP)和3,3′,4,4′-二苯醚四甲酸二酐(ODPA)为单体原料,通过热酰亚胺法,于聚酰亚胺分子主链中引入醚键、亚异丙基,旨在不大幅度影响聚酰亚胺热重温度的情况下,显著降低其玻璃化温度,改善其热加工性能。并利用此工艺制备的BAPP/ODPA模塑粉,模压成型了2mm厚板材。通过力学性能测试,其抗拉强度为95MPa,冲击强度为142kJ/m2;并重点从玻璃化温度、热重温度和熔体黏度等方面,讨论了分子链中引入醚键、异亚丙基对聚酰亚胺加工性能的影响。     

PPESK/PTFE共混物的热性能和动态机械性能

采用溶液共混法制备了不同质量比例的新型含二氮杂萘酮结构聚芳醚砜酮(PPESK)与聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)共混物.利用热失重(TGA)和动态热机械仪(DMTA)对该共混物的热性能和动态机械性能进行了表征和研究.结果表明:在PPESK中共混加入PTFE,提高了PPESK的起始分解温度及最大分解速率对应温度.该共混体系的损耗模量和损耗因子随着扫描频率的提高向高温转移,这是分子运动速率的提高所致.在30～230℃的扫描温度范围内,共混物的储能模量保持较高值并随着温度升高而降低趋势并不明显,耐热性能良好;但当扫描温度达到280℃后,接近其玻璃化转变温度时,储能模量降低幅度较大.在PPESK中共混加入10%PTFE可提高其玻璃化温度.     

α-氧化铝粒径和形貌对GIS用环氧树脂复合材料介电性能和热性能影响的研究

采用不同尺度和形貌的α-氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3)复配制备环氧树脂绝缘复合材料,运用扫描电子显微镜观察复合材料形貌,运用介电强度测试仪、动态机械热分析仪、激光热导仪等研究α-Al_2O_3复配对材料介电性能和热性能的影响。结果表明:多尺度无规α-Al_2O_3(12μm/2μm)复配提高了环氧树脂的击穿强度、击穿稳定性及玻璃化温度,热导率略有下降;小粒径球形α-Al_2O_3(2μm)与无规α-Al_2O_3(12μm)复配,热导率有所提高,但是降低了环氧树脂的击穿性能及玻璃化温度。这主要归因于不同尺度和形貌的α-Al_2O_3和环氧基体间的界面和体系间的空隙不同。     

空心玻璃微球含量对环氧复合泡沫塑料性能的影响

以空心玻璃微球（HGM）填充环氧树脂制备了密度为0.56~0.91 g/cm3的HGM/环氧复合泡沫塑料。研究了HGM含量对复合泡沫塑料黏度、力学性能、动态力学性能及隔热性能的影响。结果表明:表面偶联处理后增加了HGM的表面亲油性,改善了其与基体树脂间的相容性和界面性能,有利于HGM/环氧复合泡沫塑料性能的提高;体系黏度与HGM含量呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;随着HGM含量的增加,HGM/环氧复合泡沫塑料的压缩强度、弯曲强度和拉伸强度均有一定程度的降低,但是比强度变化不大,材料得到很大程度的轻质化;HGM的引入使得HGM/环氧复合泡沫塑料玻璃化转变温度向低温方向偏移,储能模量呈现先减小后增加的趋势,导热系数由纯环氧树脂的0.203 W/（m·K）减小到HGM含量为40wt%时的0.126 W/（m·K）。HGM/环氧复合泡沫塑料阻尼性能和隔热性能均有所提高。      

前驱体热解氮化硼/碳化硅复相泡沫陶瓷的抗氧化与高温隔热性能研究

以聚碳硅烷(PCS)和三甲胺基环硼氮烷聚合前驱体(PBN)进行共聚合制得复合前驱体, 以此为原料采用高压裂解发泡技术制备了一种氮化硼/碳化硅(BN/SiC)复相开孔泡沫陶瓷. 由包含不同比例组分的起始前驱体所制得的泡沫陶瓷的孔隙直径在1~5 mm, 体积密度在0.44~0.73 g/cm³之间. 对该陶瓷材料的微观结构和性能的研究表明, 由于BN相的引入使得BN/SiC复相泡沫陶瓷在800~1100℃的抗氧化性能有了显著的提高; 其压缩强度随着引入BN比例的增加而提高, 约为纯SiC泡沫陶瓷的5~10倍. 其中以组分重量比为1:1的起始复合前驱体所制备BN/SiC复相多孔陶瓷在1500℃时的导热系数仅为4.0 W/(m·K); 对其进行隔热性能测试, 材料热面中心温度为1400℃时, 其背面中心温度仅为280℃; 采用有限差分法数值模拟背部升温历程, 将其有效导热系数代入计算模型, 得到材料背部中心温度升温历程的数值模拟结果, 与实际升温历程基本一致.     

轻质复合材料高温隔热性能

设计了一套隔热材料高温(>1200℃)隔热效果的测试装置, 可对隔热材料进行快速、 低成本的有效测试和筛选。采用本装置在材料热面中心温度为1600℃±10℃时, 考察了碳/酚醛复合材料和ZrO₂纤维板材料背部升温历程, 评价了2种材料的隔热性能, 并采用有限差分法数值模拟了ZrO₂纤维板材料背部升温历程, 预测其有效导热系数。研究表明, 在加热初期400s时间内, 碳/酚醛复合材料的隔热性能优于ZrO₂纤维板的隔热性能, 后期则相反; ZrO₂纤维板的隔热性能与体积密度有关, 有效导热系数随温度升高而非线性地增大。      

Preparation and properties of hollow glass bead filled silicone rubber foams with low thermal conductivity

Silicone rubber foams filled with various content and different particle size of hollow glass bead (HGB) were prepared by compression molding. It was revealed that compared with silica filled silicone rubber foams, HGB filled materials achieved higher foaming extent, lower thermal conductivity, and lower hardness, which can be significant for thermal insulation materials. For HGB filled materials, the morphology indicated the average cell size decreased with higher HGB content and larger particle size of HGB. The density, thermal conductivity, hardness and tensile strength increased with higher HGB content and larger particle size of HGB.     

THE NUCLEATION OF MICROCELLULAR FOAMS IN SEMI CRYSTALLINE THERMOPLASTICS*

The nucleation of microcellular foams in amorphous thermoplastics has been performed by supersaturation with gas at an elevated temperature. Pressure and temperature are then carefully reduced in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature of the material. The result is a foam structure with cells on the order of 10 microns. This material exhibits greatly increased impact strength, as well as thermal and electrical insulation properties as compared to conventional foams. A new process has been developed to produce microcellular foams in semi-crystalline polymers. The process operates in the vicinity of the polymer's melting point, as opposed to the glass transition point. This is due the low solubility of the gases in and the rigidity of the crystalline phase. Microcellular foams have been produced successfully in polypropylene. The effects of various additives have been investigated experimentally. The theory developed for the amorphous materials has been compared to these new experimental results and again qualitatively agrees.     

Properties of new polyimide foams and polyimide foam filled honeycomb composites

New polyimide foams and polyimide foam filled honeycombs are currently being developed at NASA, its licensee Sordal Inc. (USA) and Newmet (UK) under the trade name Solrex®. These materials are foreseen for Space, Aerospace, Maritime & Medicine applications. In this paper selected properties of these new materials with different densities are described. The investigated key properties are compression strength, thermal conductivity and moisture gain. The dependence of these properties on density, temperature and thermal cycling is discussed. Limits of the used characterisation methods are discussed. Possible applications are defined.     

Effective Thermal Conductivity and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Series of Ceramic Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Structure

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures with high surface area, high porosity, complex pore channels, and pore size distribution have great potential for application in thermal metamaterials and thermal engineering applications. To demonstrate the possibility of the use of TPMS structures as thermal metamaterials, the thermal insulation properties and heat transfer mechanisms of TPMS structures are investigated in detail. The results show that modulation of the volume fraction to within 15% by a rational geometric design indicates the possibility to obtain excellent lightweight properties. The effective thermal conductivity is within 0.25 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, which is much lower than this component, indicating that the TPMS structure is designed to reduce the effective thermal conductivity and provide a lightweight design. However, in a high-temperature environment, reasonable structural parameters can shield the cavity radiation in the TPMS structure and play an effective role to provide high-temperature thermal insulation. Finally, based on the relationship between structural parameters and thermal insulation performance, a dynamic density TPMS-graded structure is proposed, which exhibits a better thermal insulation performance than the conventional TPMS structure both at room temperature and at high temperature.     

热处理时间对聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫结构和性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

以甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA),丙烯酰胺(AM)为反应单体,丙烯酸(AA)作为第三单体和交联剂,在不同热处理时间下,通过自由基本体聚合制备聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重分析(TGA)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等手段对其结构和性能进行表征。结果表明:随着对BMA/AM/AA共聚物热处理时间增加,分子链间发生重排反应生成六元酰亚胺环,经过交联固化后得到PMI泡沫,其特征吸收峰与文献值能较好地吻合。泡沫热处理5 h后得到孔径为100~200μm致密硬质闭孔泡沫,其力学性能良好,压缩强度为8.160 MPa,拉伸强度达到12.95 MPa。泡沫的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为255℃,热失重10%时热分解温度Td10高达280℃,345℃时泡沫仍能残留80%以上,其导热系数为0.05424 W/(m·K),说明对共聚物热处理5 h后得到了具有优异的耐高温性能和隔热性能的泡沫。     

泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料的调温隔热性能

采用多次真空灌注方法将石蜡吸附到多孔的泡沫石墨中,制备出了泡沫石墨/石蜡复合相变储热材料。利用Hot Disk热常数分析仪和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)对该复合材料的热性能进行了测试,结果表明,石蜡充分吸附到泡沫石墨的蜂窝状微孔中,泡沫石墨的填充极大地强化了相变材料的导热能力。研究了将该复合材料用作墙体围护结构时的隔热和调温性能,并与普通轻质墙体材料作围护结构进行了对比,结果表明,复合相变储热材料能够有效地利用昼夜温差进行储热放热,有效地阻止了热量进入室内,可明显降低室内温度波动和最大值,提高人体舒适度,具有较好的调温隔热效果。     

Preparation and characterization of transparent Al doped ZnO/epoxy composite as thermal-insulating coating

In this article, transparent Al doped ZnO (AZO)/epoxy composite, as glass thermal insulation coating, was prepared by incorporating AZO nanoparticles into a transparent epoxy matrix. First, the as-synthesized AZO nanoparticles by the polymer pyrolysis method were characterized and the effect of Al doping content on the electrical conductivity of AZO nanoparticles was investigated. The results reveal that the AZO nanoparticles doped with 6 mol% Al obtained from calcination at 600 °C show the optimal electrical conductivity. The effects of AZO content on the optical and thermal insulation property of AZO/epoxy coating were also studied. It is shown that the AZO/epoxy composite coating with 0.5 wt% AZO possesses excellent optical properties, i.e. visible light transmittance above 50% and shading coefficient of 0.45 are simultaneously achieved. In addition, the large temperature difference between the chambers coated respectively with the AZO/epoxy coated glasses and the common glass indicates that the prepared AZO/epoxy coating has an excellent thermal insulation property.