高强度超声辅助乳化对金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液性质的影响

为提升金鲳鱼蛋白乳液的稳定性,改善金鲳鱼蛋白的功能特性,以金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合物为乳化剂、大豆油为油相,采用高强度超声(HIUS)辅助乳化制备金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液,测定超声处理前后不同乳化剂与油相比例的金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液的乳化性、粒径分布、Zeta-电位、流变性、微观形态及贮藏稳定性。结果表明：与未超声处理金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷复合乳液相比,超声处理后乳液的乳化活性指数和乳化稳定性指数总体增高,粒径减小,Zeta-电位的绝对值增加,流动指数升高,黏度系数降低,乳液液滴分布更均匀,乳液液滴更小,贮藏稳定性较好。综上,HIUS处理有助于改善金鲳鱼蛋白-茶皂苷的乳化性能。     

高压微射流处理对米谷蛋白热聚集体性质的影响

天然大米谷蛋白通过酸法热处理（pH?2.0、90?℃、30?min）制备纤维化热聚集体,采用高压微射流处理（35、70、105、140?MPa）,以未经热处理和高压处理的样品为对照,对样品形貌、粒径、ζ电位、表面疏水性、巯基含量、热特性、流变性、乳化性能及二级结构组成等进行比较分析,探究高压处理对其理化特性的影响。结果表明：高压微射流处理后,样品结构变得疏松,粒径增大,由（146.93±1.04）nm增加到（184.77±4.82）nm;总游离巯基含量先增加后减小,乳化活性指数及乳化稳定性指数先上升后下降,在70?MPa时达到最大,分别为（30.08±0.75）m2/g和（150.58±2.03）min;ζ电位和表面疏水性的变化较小;高压微射流处理对热稳定性和表观黏度均有一定影响;二级结构组成α-螺旋、β-转角含量增加,β-折叠含量减少。低压会使蛋白进一步聚集,较高的压力则会使其解聚;70?MPa处理的样品具有较好的乳化特性和热稳定性。     

Effect of cavitation jet on the structural,emulsifying properties and rheological properties of soybean protein-oxidised aggregates

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cavitation jets on the structural, emulsifying and rheological properties of soybean protein oxidation aggregates. The results showed that oxidation might induce the formation of larger particle sizes and molecular weight protein aggregates and the decrease of emulsifying properties. The cavitation jet at a short treatment time (<6 min) broke down the disulphide bonds and protein skeleton structures, which reduced the aggregate sizes and molecular weights and increased the emulsion activities, emulsion stabilities, apparent viscosity and elastic modulus. The cavitation jet at a long treatment time (>6 min) supported disulphide bond formation among molecules by intermolecular interactions to form protein aggregates. In addition, the skeleton structure showed cross-linking aggregation. This increased the particle sizes and molecular weights and reduced the emulsion properties, consistency index K and elastic modulus. The findings showed that a cavitation jet at 6 min on oxidised aggregates of soybean protein might enhance the structural, emulsifying and rheological characteristics for the industry.     

高压均质对大豆蛋白-磷脂复合体系结构及理化/功能性质的影响

以大豆蛋白-磷脂复合体系为研究对象,采用圆二色谱表征复合体系构象变化,采用乳化性及乳化稳定性测定、表面疏水性及粒度分析等解析高压均质对复合体系中大豆蛋白二级结构的变化与理化/功能性质表达的影响。结果显示:高压均质会显著改善复合体系的功能性质如乳化性和乳化稳定性。随着均质压力升高,体系中大豆蛋白表面疏水性显著提高,说明疏水基团暴露明显,蛋白质与磷脂间的相互作用程度增加。复合体系的体积平均粒径由未均质时的33.21 μm降至3.61 μm,粒径分布均匀,整体向小粒径方向移动。圆二色谱结果显示高压均质改变了蛋白质-磷脂复合体系的构象,说明蛋白质和磷脂间发生相互作用,但当均质压力进一步增加,和未经处理的样品相比,样品中的α-螺旋含量略有下降,同时功能性质稍有提高。     

Functional and conformational characterisation of walnut protein obtained through AOT reverse micelles

Walnut protein was extracted from defatted walnut flour by bis (2‐ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micellar system and alkali solution with isoelectric precipitation. The functional and conformational characteristics of two proteins were investigated and compared. Walnut protein obtained through AOT reverse micelles was found to have higher extraction yield, solubility, emulsifying activity, foam capacities, water‐ and oil‐holding capacity compared to the protein from alkali solution along with isoelectric precipitation, while the surface hydrophobicity (H₀), contents of disulphide bond (SS) and sulfhydryl group (SH) were relatively lower. The differences of H₀, SS and SH contents could be due to the conformational changes of walnut proteins using two extraction methods. FTIR spectra and data showed that the reverse micelles caused the decrease in α‐helix, β‐sheet, random and β‐turn of walnut protein, the increase in the side‐chain structure content, which could be responsible for the modification of functional properties.     

Physicochemical and emulsifying properties of mung bean protein isolate as influenced by succinylation

The application of mung bean protein in foods is limited due to its poor functionality. Acylation with succinic anhydride could be used to improve the functionalities of protein. In this study, the influence of the weight ratio of succinic anhydride to protein (0–0.10) on the degree of N-acylation, physicochemical properties and protein functionalities including emulsifying properties of mung bean protein isolates (MPI) were investigated. The extent of N-acylation of MPI increased as the succinic anhydride:protein ratio increased, while the ζ-potential at neutral pH decreased. In addition, succinylation had an impact on the average particle size of MPI depending on the succinic anhydride:protein ratio. Succinylation had no impact on the total and exposed free sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, the isoelectric point (pI) of the succinylated proteins shifted from pH 5 to lower pH. Succinylation increased the emulsifying activity index (EAI), while the impact on the emulsion stability index depended on the succinic anhydride:protein ratio. Thus, succinylation at low succinic anhydride:protein ratio can alter mung bean protein charge and affect physicochemical and functional properties especially emulsifying properties that could be used to increase its utilization.     

冷冻及解冻处理对肌原纤维蛋白理化性质的影响

研究不同的冻结温度（-18 ℃和-50 ℃）和解冻方式（微波解冻、空气解冻及4 ℃解冻）对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白含量和理化特性的影响。结果表明,在不同冻结温度与解冻方式下,肌原纤维蛋白的含量、溶解性、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性均降低,表面疏水性增加。其中,采用-18 ℃冻结,微波解冻处理的肌原纤维蛋白与对照组相比,其溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及起泡稳定性分别降低了38.7%、16.5%、28.3%、39.6%和17.3%;采用-50 ℃冻结,4 ℃解冻的蛋白其含量（6.32%）、溶解性（22.05%）、乳化性（7.89 m2/g）、乳化稳定性（32%）、起泡性（30.95%）及起泡稳定性（62.25%）与其他处理对应的各指标相比,理化特性均保持较好。不同的冷冻和解冻条件下,肌原纤维蛋白各指标之间的变化相互关联。     

Relationship between physicochemical and functional properties of amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) protein isolates

Protein isolates from six amaranth lines/cultivars (APIs) were evaluated to study their physicochemical (hunter colour, protein content and zeta potential), structural (thermal and conformational) and functional (emulsification, foaming, water and fat absorption) properties. APIs had protein content, whiteness index and gel temperature in range of 79.4–85.4%, 41.17–54.26 and 87.8–91.8 °C, respectively. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of APIs revealed α‐helix, β‐sheets and random coil conformations in the secondary structure. APIs with higher relative proportion of β‐sheets had higher Differential Scanning Calorimeter denaturation temperature and gel temperature. Minimum protein solubility (PS) was observed at pH 5.0, indicating isoelectric point (pI) of amaranth proteins. The PS, emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of APIs at neutral pH were related to their zeta potential (ζ). The emulsifying and foaming properties were also determined at different pHs (between 2.0 and 9.0). The EAI‐pH profile of APIs confirmed close relationship between the emulsifying ability and PS.     

Comparative study of high intensity ultrasound effects on food proteins functionality

The objective of this work was to comparatively explore the impact of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) on the functionality of some of the most used food proteins at the industrial level: whey protein concentrate (WPC), soy protein isolate (500E) and egg white protein (EW).10% w/w solutions at pH 6.5-7.1 were treated with HIUS for 20 min, in an ultrasonic processor. The operating conditions were: 20 kHz, 4.27 ± 0.71 W and 20% of amplitude.Before and after the HIUS treatment, the size of protein particles was measured by static light scattering. The amount of sulfhydryl groups was determined with Ellman’s reagent and the surface hydrophobicity by a fluorescence technique.The effects of HIUS on samples viscosity were determined. The evolution of the elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli as well as tan δ were registered upon time and temperature in a controlled stress rheometer.In general, HIUS promoted a decrease in the consistency index of all protein solutions, mainly of soybean isolate. The gelation performance of EW was not modified by HIUS. However, WPC presented a higher elastic character, but 500E did not show changes upon heating, as it was already denatured before HIUS treatment. The size of aggregates suffered an overall reduction for WPC and 500E, but a slight increase for EW. Sulfhydryl content was unchanged for all proteins after HIUS application but surface hydrophobicity was greatly increased after treatment for all proteins. HIUS affected the studied functional properties differently depending on the size and nature of the protein. This technology could be used to obtain improved functional properties in some protein samples.     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein

The influence of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of sweet potato protein (SPP) at various concentrations, e.g. 2%, 4% and 6% (w/v, SPP‐2, SPP‐4 and SPP‐6), was investigated. Significant differences in hydrophobicity, enthalpy of denaturation and solubility were observed (P < 0.05). Emulsifying activity indexes (EAI) of SPP‐2 and SPP‐6 increased at 400 MPa, whereas EAI of all SPP significantly decreased at 600 MPa (P < 0.05). Emulsion stability (ESI) was significantly decreased for SPP‐2 and SPP‐6, while increase in ESI was observed for SPP‐4 above 200 MPa (P < 0.05). SPP‐2 emulsions showed sharp decrease in apparent viscosity with pressure increase, while pseudo plastic flow behaviour was not changed for all of emulsions. Sporamins A and B were well‐adsorbed in pressurised emulsion without displacement. These results suggest that HHP treatment could be used to modify the physicochemical and emulsifying properties of SPP.     

茶多酚处理对泥鳅微冻贮藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白功能性质的影响

研究不同质量浓度（0、1、2、3 g/L）的茶多酚对泥鳅微冻贮藏过程中肌原纤维蛋白功能性质的影响。测定－2.5 ℃贮藏0、5、10、15、20、25、30 d时泥鳅肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、表面疏水性、巯基含量以及流变学性质的变化。结果表明：茶多酚处理能抑制微冻过程中泥鳅肌原纤维蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、巯基含量的下降和表面疏水性的上升;流变学曲线表明,茶多酚能够延缓泥鳅肌原纤维蛋白凝胶能力的减弱,并且茶多酚质量浓度越高,效果越好。因此茶多酚处理可以显著抑制泥鳅在微冻贮藏过程中其肌原纤维蛋白功能性质的劣变,且3 g/L茶多酚处理的效果较佳。     

Physicochemical and rheological properties of interacted protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by-products with sodium alginate

The physicochemical properties of tuna protein hydrolysates were enhanced by interaction with sodium alginate. The increase in emulsifying capacity and stability was from 50 to 150 m² g⁻¹ and from 36 to 49 min, respectively. The increase in foaming capacity and stability was from 100% to 140% and from 65% to 70%, respectively. The reason for the increased physicochemical properties was the reduced zeta potential level of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate. The change in internal structure of tuna protein hydrolysates after interaction with sodium alginate was determined by SEM and FTIR. The SEM results showed that a net cross-linking structure was formed from a sheet structure after the tuna protein hydrolysates interacted with sodium alginate. FTIR demonstrated that parts of the β-sheet of tuna protein hydrolysates were changed into an irregular coiled structure or α-helix after interaction with sodium alginate. In order to understand the interacted complex better, the rheological properties of interacted tuna protein hydrolysates with sodium alginate were further determined. In this study, the one-step was developed, easy-to-operate and cost-effective process that can further add value to tuna protein hydrolysates derived from tuna processing by-products.     

Emulsifying properties of the transglutaminase-treated crosslinked product between peanut protein and fish (Decapterus maruadsi) protein hydrolysates

BACKGROUND: Defatted peanut meal, a protein‐rich by‐product from the oil extraction industry, is underutilised owing to its inferior functional properties. In this study, transglutaminase (TGase) crosslinking and proteolysis were used to improve the emulsifying properties of peanut protein isolate (PPI) extracted from the meal. PPI and PPI hydrolysate (PPIH) were conjugated separately with fish (Decapterus maruadsi) protein hydrolysate (DPH), catalysed by TGase to obtain improvements in the emulsifying properties. RESULTS: Analyses by electrophoresis and high‐performance liquid chromatography indicated that polymers were formed in all TGase‐treated samples. In emulsions of PPIH, PPI‐DPH and PPIH‐DPH the volume/surface average particle diameter (d₃₂), creaming and instability phenomenon were decreased and the zeta‐potential was increased after TGase treatment, showing improved emulsifying activity and emulsion stability. In the case of PPI, TGase treatment had no effect on the emulsifying activity, but the emulsion stability of TGase‐treated PPI was improved. CONCLUSION: The study showed that TGase crosslinking and proteolysis could improve the emulsifying properties of PPI, while proteolysis followed by TGase crosslinking proved more efficient. The emulsifying properties of the heterologous protein systems of PPI‐DPH and PPIH‐DPH were also improved by TGase treatment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Soluble protein fractions from pH and heat treated sodium caseinate: physicochemical and functional properties

The physicochemical (solubility and hydrophobicity), and functional (emulsifying activity index and emulsifying capacity) properties of soluble sodium caseinate fractions were studied as a function of pH (3–8) and temperature (50–100°C). Solubility was determined by measuring protein with the Bradford and 280 nm absorbency methods. Hydrophobicity was determined fluorometrically with 1-anilino-8-naphtalenesulfonate (ANS), and cis-parinaric acid (CPA). Sodium caseinate solubility was minimal at pH 3.75–4 but the ANS and CPA-hydrophobicities and the functional properties of the soluble proteins increased in this pH range. Circular dichroic and 280 nm absorptivity measurements detected conformational changes. SDS-PAGE and reversed phase HPLC revealed substantial losses of αs₁ and β caseins following pH and heat treatment (pH 3.75 and 92.5°C) and the concomitant appearance of modified compounds. Under these same conditions, the o-phtaldialdehyde values increased suggesting partial hydrolysis of sodium caseinate. The soluble protein fractions from sodium caseinate heat treated near the pI of the caseins were shown to have enhanced emulsifying activity and capacity.     

Chia protein hydrolysates: characterisation and emulsifying properties

The evaluation of functional properties of different chia protein hydrolysates (CPH) and their application in O/W emulsions were studied. Enzymatic treatments with pepsin, pancreatin or the sequential action of pepsin–pancreatin were applied to hydrolyse a chia protein concentrate (CPC). Oil-in-water emulsions stabilised with CPC or these CPHs, with or without chia mucilage, were prepared at pH 7 or 10. Particle size, global stability, ζ-potential and rheological measurement of emulsions were determined. CPH presented higher (P ≤ 0.05) solubility and surface hydrophobicity levels, exhibiting better emulsifying properties than CPC. Emulsions with CPH presented smaller (P ≤ 0.05) droplet sizes than those with CPC. Regarding to physicochemical stability, emulsions at pH 7 were less stable than those at pH 10, showing destabilisation by creaming and coalescence. The addition of chia mucilage increased the apparent viscosity of emulsions and led to modifications in their fluid behaviour, exhibiting an interesting role as a thickening agent.     

Physicochemical and emulsifying properties of protein extracted from soybean meal assisted by steam flash-explosion

The conventional alkaline aqueous extraction is not effective in promoting maximum protein yield from soybean meal (SBM). In this study, the steam flash-explosion (SFE) treatment was firstly employed to significantly improve the protein yield, while the protein content of soy protein isolate (SPI) decreased, concomitant with increase in carbon content of SPI. The SFE treatment led to the dissociation of insoluble protein aggregates in SBM, with subsequent increase of soluble protein aggregates formed via on-disulfide covalent bonds. The covalent coupling of the carbohydrate to the protein during SFE treatment can contribute to the dissolubility of protein and the formation of protein aggregates. After SFE treatment, surface hydrophobicity of SPI was decreased, however the emulsifying properties were improved. The emulsifying activity index and emulsifying stability index were improved to 41.94 m²/g and 35.27 min under 1.3 MPa, 180 s treatment condition. It indicated that compared to surface hydrophobicity, changes of other aspects of protein structure including the covalent coupling of carbohydrate to protein were the predominant factors that ruled the emulsifying property of protein.Industrial relevanceThe steam flash-explosion treatment (SFE) is an eco-friendly, low-energy and non-traditional technology, which could be performed on a large scale for the industry. The SFE treatment can effectively change the physicochemical properties of protein resulting in significant increase of protein yield and improvement in emulsifying properties of protein. After SFE treatment, the protein from heat-denatured soybean meal can be refunctionalized for application in food industry.     

欧李果胶理化特性及乳化性质

以商品苹果果胶（commercial apple pectin,CAP）为对照,研究欧李果胶（Cerasus humilis fruit pectin,CSP）的结构、理化性质及乳化特性。与CAP对比,所得CSP半乳糖醛酸质量分数为70.42%,含有更高含量的金属元素（Ca、Zn、Mg）、蛋白质和总多酚（P＜0.05）。通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、X射线衍射等结构表征表明,CSP表面呈光滑、连续和卷曲的片状或丝状结构,为高甲氧基果胶（酯化度52.04%）,具有无定形性质,阿拉伯糖（65.7%）、半乳糖（18%）和鼠李糖（11%）为其主要的3 种中性单糖。此外,通过测定CSP的Zeta电位值和其乳液体系的乳化指数、乳化能力、乳化稳定性、显微结构、液滴粒径及流变学性质,探究CSP的乳化性质。结果显示,CSP具有较好的乳化性质,可作为乳液体系的天然乳化剂,具有巨大潜力。     

Characteristics of meat batters with added native and preheated defatted walnut

Effects of incorporation of native and preheated defatted walnut on the physicochemical, emulsifying and rheological properties of meat batters, as affected by final heating temperature were investigated. Replacing meat protein with native defatted walnut in meat product formulations reduced (P < 0.05) gel strength and emulsifying properties and hence the firmness and stability of meat batters but enhanced water- and fat-binding properties and hence the yield of a processed meat product. However, incorporation of preheated defatted walnut, in addition to improving (P < 0.05) water- and fat-binding properties during thermal treatment, improved the gelling ability of myofibrillar proteins, probably because the preheating of the defatted walnut promoted interactions between walnut proteins and muscle proteins.     

不同改性方法对花生蛋白理化特性影响研究

本研究以花生蛋白为原料,采用挤压膨化、酶法和挤压协同酶解三种方法分别对花生蛋白进行改性处理,系统阐述了三种方法对花生蛋白理化性质的影响规律。通过测定改性前后花生蛋白的溶解性、乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性,并借助傅立叶变换红外光谱、圆二色谱和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、蛋白质水解度、巯基含量和二硫键含量对花生蛋白的结构、分子量和水解程度进行分析,揭示不同处理方法对花生蛋白理化的影响规律,阐明其二者之间的内在联系。结果表明,不同处理方法下花生蛋白功能及结构特性均发生变化,挤压协同酶法处理后的花生蛋白的理化性质变化最为明显。     

High-intensity ultrasound reduces fermentation time and improves textural properties,antioxidant activity and probiotic survival in fermented probiotic strawberry drink

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) application with different processing times (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 min) on the physicochemical, rheological and textural properties, antioxidant activity (AA) and probiotic survival in strawberry-flavoured fermented probiotic strawberry drink during storage (7°C for 28 days). The application of HIUS resulted in products with lower fermentation times, higher organic acid stability during storage and improved texture (higher firmness and consistency) and functional properties (higher phenolic compounds content and/or AA). Using 2.5 min of processing time would be advisable due to the better probiotic survival to simulated gastrointestinal conditions (probiotic counts higher than 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹), reduced fermentation times (reduction in 3 h), higher lactic acid content during storage and enhanced AA. The products showed a viable probiotic counts higher than 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹ during the entire shelf life. HIUS may be considered as an adequate pre-treatment in the development of probiotic fermented probiotic strawberry drink.