肠类器官应用于营养素吸收的研究进展

肠道不仅是营养物质消化吸收的主要部位,也是重要的免疫器官和内分泌器官。营养物质在肠道内的消化吸收状况是决定其高效利用的重要因素。构建适宜的体外肠道模型对明确营养物质的有效吸收部位、吸收效率及机制具有重要意义。类器官由于可高度模拟目标组织或器官的遗传特性和表观特征被广泛应用于各个领域。本文综述了近年来肠类器官在营养物质消化吸收方面的研究进展,以期为肠类器官在营养物质的消化吸收中的广泛应用提供参考。     

消化系统科学大揭秘（四）小肠和大肠

人的肠道由小肠、大肠组成。小肠又细又长，是糖、脂肪与蛋白质三大营养物质进行彻底消化的场所，食糜经小肠的消化分解后由小肠黏膜吸收进入血液循环。未被消化的食物残渣由回盲瓣进入大肠。在大肠内没有重要的消化活动，食物残渣最终变成粪便，排出体外。     

食物中抗性淀粉的研究进展

在查阅的近十几年对淀粉在人肠道内消化吸收的文献基础上,综述了食物中抗性淀粉的研究进展,抗性淀粉是指不能在健康正常人小肠中消化吸收的淀粉及其降解物食中物存在抗性淀粉可分为３类,物理包埋淀粉（ＲＳＩ）抗性淀粉颗粒（ＲＳ２）和老化淀粉（ＲＳ３）其检测一般采用体外肠道模拟酶解法,影响食物中抗性淀粉形成的因素主要有淀粉自身的理化性质,食物中的其它成分,处理方式和工艺以及食物形态等,抗性淀粉属于人体无法消化吸     

玉米粒度对青年奶山羊胃肠道发育的影响

试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计,研究不同玉米粒度对青年奶山羊胃肠道发育的影响.结果表明,日粮淀粉为35.53%时(玉米含量28.35%).给7～9月龄的青年奶山羊饲喂不同粒度玉米时,细粉玉米(平均粒度0.76 mm)与粗粉(平均粒度2.57 mm)及整粒玉米相比,趋于提高瘤胃腹囊的乳头高度.粗粉玉米组与整粒或细粉玉米组相比,皱胃容积、小肠黏膜重和大肠长度均有提高的趋势.玉米粒度不影响瘤胃腹囊和背囊的上皮厚度、固有层厚度和肌层厚度,皱胃黏膜层厚度和肌层厚度、小肠绒毛高度、绒毛面积、隐窝深度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度、上皮厚度和肌层厚度(P＞0.05).     

复合菌-荔枝多酚对腹泻小鼠肠道形态结构和肠道菌群的影响

为评价复合菌-荔枝多酚对肠道形态结构和肠道菌群的影响,采用蓖麻油灌胃的方法,制造小鼠腹泻模型,造模成功后灌服不同药物治疗4 d后,取小鼠十二指肠、空肠和回肠固定到福尔马林中,进行苏木精-伊红染色,倒置显微镜下观察,测量各段小肠的绒毛长度、隐窝深度,计算绒腺比。无菌采集粪便用于肠道菌群聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,DGGE）检测,对DGGE图谱上的优势条带回收、克隆并测序,对测序结果进行BLAST比对分析。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌和复合菌能提高十二指肠、空肠的绒毛长度与隐窝深度的比值（V/C）,复合菌-荔枝多酚能增加空肠和回肠的V/C值。整个DGGE图谱和测序结果可见,嗜酸乳杆菌、复合菌和复合菌-荔枝多酚能增加小鼠菌群的数量,增强肠道菌群的微生态稳定性,而且复合菌还能增加群落的复杂程度。各给药组条带与正常组和模型组相比,增加了优势条带,复合菌组和复合菌-荔枝多酚组还出现了新的条带,复合菌体现了最优的效果。     

普洱熟茶对D-半乳糖衰老模型小鼠肠道菌群的影响

以D-半乳糖（D-galactose,D-gal）皮下注射建立小鼠衰老模型,探究普洱熟茶对衰老小鼠抗氧化酶活力、小肠形态结构、肠道菌群多样性及肠道微生物结构变化等的影响。本实验将C57/BL6小鼠随机分为对照组、衰老组和普洱熟茶组,18 周后,对小鼠超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）活力、丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）含量、小肠组织病理和肠道菌群结构（16S rDNA高通量测序）变化进行检测分析。结果发现,D-gal致衰老小鼠SOD和GSH-Px活力显著降低,MDA含量显著升高（P＜0.05）;普洱熟茶显著提高衰老小鼠体内SOD和GSH-Px活力,显著降低MDA含量（P＜0.05）;在苏木素-伊红染色实验中,与对照组相比,衰老组小鼠绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度显著降低（P＜0.05）;与衰老组相比,普洱熟茶组小鼠绒毛长度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度显著升高（P＜0.05）;利用高通量测序技术发现普洱熟茶干预改善了衰老小鼠肠道菌群结构,具体表现为拟杆菌门与厚壁杆菌门数量比值显著升高（P＜0.05）,乳杆菌科和乳杆菌属相对丰度显著降低（P＜0.05）,瘤胃菌科相对丰度显著升高（P＜0.05）。普洱熟茶在正常的3 倍高剂量条件下可改善衰老所致的肠道菌群结构失衡现象,有助于延缓衰老。     

辣木籽蛋白酶解物对小鼠肠道黏膜炎的改善作用

探讨辣木籽蛋白酶解物（Moringa oleifera Seed Protease Hydrolysate,MSPH）对小鼠肠道黏膜炎的改善作用。提取辣木籽蛋白并进行酶解,冷冻干燥得到MSPH;随机将雄性BALB/c小鼠分为空白对照（Con）组、模型（Mod）组和MSPH组（800 mg/kg·BW）,每组6只,腹腔注射5-FU诱导小鼠肠道黏膜炎,MSPH灌胃干预。每天记录小鼠体质量;通过HE染色观察肠道组织形态学并计算绒毛高度/隐窝深度;酶联免疫法测定小鼠血清（INF-γ、SIgA、ROS、G-CSF、ET、D-LA）和小肠组织（IL-1β、IL-6、MDA、MPO、TNF-α）含量变化;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测小肠组织ZO-1和Occludin m RNA表达量。与Mod组相比,MSPH组小鼠在实验后期体质量显著提高（P=0.001 1）,脾脏和胸腺指数分别增加16.22%和34.69%,肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度增加25.88%,血清中INF-γ、ROS、G-CSF、ET、D-LA含量分别降低16.85%、17.50%、14.22%、8.28%、9.27%,SIgA含量升高23....     

体外消化过程中影响类胡萝卜素生物利用率的因素

类胡萝卜素是存在于很多水果蔬菜中的天然色素,具有VA原活性、抗氧化等特性,在维持人体健康方面发挥重要作用。从食物基质中释放的脂溶性类胡萝卜素包裹在脂滴中被运送到小肠,与胆盐、脂类等形成水溶性胶束,随后被小肠上皮细胞吸收并进一步代谢。在体外消化实验中,影响类胡萝卜素生物利用率的因素很多,类胡萝卜素种类及结构、食物基质、脂类、样品加工处理方法、消化模型、细胞模型、检测方法及指标等的不同都会造成最终的生物利用率评估值的不同,另外不同因素对生物利用率的影响因类胡萝卜素种类而异,且各因素间可能存在协同效应。     

牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂对小鼠肠道功能作用的研究

本文主要探讨牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂对小鼠肠道功能的作用。将动物随机分为阴性对照组、阳性对照组和低、中、高剂量组5组,灌胃给予不同剂量牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂,每天测定各组体重和进食量,最后测定食物利用系数、小肠推进率、小肠吸收等评价指标。结果显示,与阴性对照组相比,低、中剂量组食物利用系数和小肠推进率均有明显增加,低剂量组木糖浓度明显增高。可见,牡蛎肽肠内营养制剂能促进小肠推进和消化吸收,可以作为肠内营养制剂应用于临床营养支持。     

食物中类胡萝卜素的HPLC分析

要想在统计学上建立膳食中类胡萝卜素与人类健康之间的确切关系,必需详尽地了解在人体内的主要器官和组织中以及食物中这些化合物的定性和定量分布.HPLC分析技术是完成这一工作的主要手段之一.本文较详细地综述和介绍了不同食物中类胡萝卜素的分析样品制备过程及注意事项、常用固定相和流动相的理化性质、建立色谱条件的方法、各主要类胡萝卜素化合物的HPLC行为和定性及定量方法,并配以无氧类胡萝卜素、含氧类胡萝卜素、类胡萝卜素酰基酯以及几何异构体等不同结构化合物的工作实例.根据自己实验室的工作经验,作者对这些方法进行了总结.根据这些信息,可以针对不同的食物发展类胡萝卜素的HPLC分析方法.     

Modulation of intestinal functions by food substances

The small intestinal epithelium plays a crucial role in the digestion/modification of food components, absorption of nutrients and recognition of food-derived signals. It also acts as a barrier against unfavourable materials in food. These intestinal functions may be influenced by food substances. In this paper, the effects of various food substances on the intestinal functions, particularly the absorption functions, are discussed. A new assay method, using a monolayer culture system of human intestinal epithelial cells, is applied to examine food-derived substances which could modulate the tight junction (TJ). Capsianoside, a diterpene glycoside from sweet pepper, was isolated and identified as one of the TJ-modulating substances. Those substances can be expected to facilitate the paracellular absorption of small molecular functional substances such as bioactive oligopeptides. The use of a human intestinal cell culture system also enabled us to make a simple screen test for food substances which affect the intestinal transporter functions. Substances which could suppress the activity of intestinal glucose transporters, for example, can be expected to reduce the dietary glucose uptake in the intestinal epithelium and control the blood glucose level. Polyphenolic compounds from plants, including green tea, were found to have such activity. Modulation of the brush border enzymes by food substances is also discussed.     

Intracellular localization of dietary and naked DNA in intestinal tissue of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. using in situ hybridization

There is a continuing interest in the fate of DNA from genetically modified organisms (GMO) in the food chain including the uptake of DNA by intestinal cells from dietary sources containing GM feed ingredients. The objective of this study was to elucidate the uptake and persistence of foreign DNA in the intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. using in situ hybridization (ISH) that enables the intracellular localization of the DNA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to verify the ISH results qualitatively. Two salmon intestinal models were employed for the investigations; intestinal tissues were sampled in two models namely (a) in vivo from salmon-fed diets containing 30% GM soybeans or 30% nonGM (nGM) soybeans, and (b) ex vivo from intestinal sleeves incubated using different concentrations of PCR-amplified test DNAs (211 and 305 bp) designed from the 35S promoter/plant DNA junction of the RoundupReady soybean (RRS) genome. Additionally, for the incubation study, the effect of a mucolytic agent dithiothreitol (DTT) and a permeability enhancer sodium deoxycholate (SDA) on DNA uptake were investigated. Both treatments were found to enhance DNA uptake ex vivo. Dietary DNA and PCR-amplified DNA could be visualized by ISH in the salmon intestine with more frequently observed signals in the ex vivo model compared to the in vivo model. All results could be verified by PCR. Dietary DNA was localized in the cell vacuolar system and in lamina propria of the mid intestine. Thus, based on the investigated DNA fragment lengths, this study shows that foreign DNA, can be taken up by Atlantic salmon intestinal tissue.     

Dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during digestion

Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of active ingredients (like vitamins, antioxidants, etc.) into food systems is often compromised by factors like low permeability and/or solubility within the gut, lack of stability during food processing (temperature and oxygen) as well as in the gastrointestinal tract (pH, enzymes, presence of other nutrients). Moreover, little is known on the influence of food structure and breakdown in the gut on nutrient release. The possibility of predicting the release of nutrients from food matrices under simulated gastrointestinal conditions is of great relevance in order to define which food matrix is best for which nutrient, as well as for looking at the interaction of ingredients with the enzymes involved in the digestive process. This study explores the potential relevance of dissolution tests as a tool for predicting bioaccessibility of nutrients during in vitro digestion. Whey protein hydrogels containing green tea extract (GTE) were chosen for this study. Different simulated in vitro gastrointestinal conditions (GI) were applied throughout the dissolution experiments and the GTE was analysed by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. It was possible to distinguish between two different release kinetics when experiments were performed in simulated gastric or intestinal media. In the gastric step, the kinetic of GTE release was lower than in an intestinal environment, suggesting that more GTE is released and available for absorption into the intestine than in the stomach. The present study shows that it is possible to use the dissolution tester as a screening method to mimic nutrient release from a food matrix in the gastrointestinal tract.     

Enteroids for Nutritional Studies

Nutritional studies are greatly hampered by a paucity of proper models. Previous studies on nutrition have employed conventional cell lines and animal models to gain a better understanding of the field. These models lack certain correlations with human physiological responses, which impede their applications in this field. Enteroids are cultured from intestinal stem cells and include enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, Paneth cells, and stem cells, which mimic hallmarks of in vivo epithelium and support long‐term culture without genetic or physiological changes. Enteroids have been used as models to study the effects of diet and nutrients on intestinal growth and development, ion and nutrient transport, secretory and absorption functions, the intestinal barrier, and location‐specific functions of the intestine. In this review, the existing models for nutritional studies are discussed and the importance of enteroids as a new model for nutritional studies is highlighted. Taken together, it is suggested that enteroids can serve as a potential model system to be exploited in nutritional studies.     

膳食中的主要成分对肠道微生物组成及代谢影响的研究进展

随着对肠道微生物结构和功能的不断挖掘,研究发现肠道微生物参与人体与膳食相关的多项生理过程,膳食在调节人体肠道微生物的组成和代谢活动中有重要作用。膳食营养中含有肠道菌群代谢所需的底物,以多种途径影响肠道菌群的组成和功能。本文对近几年来国内外关于膳食主成分对肠道菌群组成及代谢影响的研究进行综述,以肠道菌群为靶点,通过调整人类的食物多样性来改善宿主的代谢能力和健康,旨在为肠道菌群的研究及其饮食调控提供参考。     

Aflatoxin B1 binding by a mixture of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium: in vitro versus ex vivo

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB) is a well-known carcinogen and reducing its bioavailability is of great interest for human and animal health. Several probiotic bacteria are able to bind AFB1 in vitro, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC-705 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii JS. A mixture of these two probiotics is used by the food and feed industry as biopreservative (Bioprofit), making it a promising candidate for future applications. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the in vitro and ex vivo ability of this probiotic mixture to bind AFB1. For in vitro experiments, probiotic mixture was suspended in an AFB1 solution (5 microM), incubated for 1 to 30 min, centrifuged, and AFB1 residues were quantitated in supernatant and pellet. For ex vivo experiments, duodenal loops of chicks were ligated and injected with either AFB1 solution alone or probiotic mixture suspension and AFB1 solution. Lumen content was centrifuged and AFB1 was quantitated in supernatant and pellet. Additionally, AFB1 was extracted from duodenal tissue to calculate tissue uptake. In vitro, 57 to 66% of AFB1 was removed from the solution by the probiotic mixture, but only 38 to 47% could be extracted from the bacterial surface. In ex vivo experiments, only up to 25% of AFB1 was bound by bacteria, and tissue uptake of AFB1 was significantly reduced when probiotic bacteria were present in the duodenal loop. Furthermore, the effect of intestinal mucus on the bacterial binding ability was investigated in vitro and was found to significantly reduce AFB1 binding by the probiotic mixture. However, probiotic mixture could only retard but not prevent AFB1 absorption in duodenal loops. Further work needs to assess the potential of probiotics in different experimental setups.     

Enhancing Nutraceutical Performance Using Excipient Foods: Designing Food Structures and Compositions to Increase Bioavailability

The oral bioavailability of many bioactives (pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements, nutrients, and nutraceuticals) is limited because of physicochemical and physiological events that occur within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) after their ingestion. These events include: (i) restricted liberation from drugs, supplements, or foods; (ii) extensive metabolism or chemical transformation during passage through the GIT; (iii) low solubility in intestinal fluids; (iv) low permeation through the intestinal cell monolayer; and (v) efflux from epithelium cells. Bioactive bioavailability can often be improved by designing the composition and structure of food matrices to control their liberation, transformation, solubilization, transport, absorption, and efflux in the GIT. This article reviews the potential impact of food composition and structure on the oral bioavailability of bioactives, and then shows how this knowledge can be used to design excipient foods that can improve the bioavailability profile of bioactives. The bioactive may be incorporated within an excipient food or co‐ingested with an excipient food. The suitability of oil‐in‐water emulsions as excipient foods is highlighted. The utilization of excipient foods may provide a new strategy for improving the efficacy of nutraceuticals, supplements, and pharmaceuticals.     

Disintegration of solid foods in human stomach

ABSTRACT:  Knowledge of the disintegration of solid foods in human stomach is essential to assess the bioavailability of nutrients in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. A comprehensive review of food gastric digestion, focusing on disintegration of solid foods, is presented. Most of the research reviewed in this paper is contained in the medical, pharmaceutical, food, and nutritional literature. Stomach physiology is briefly introduced, including composition and rheological properties of gastric contents, stomach wall motility in fed/fasted states, and hydrodynamic and mechanical forces that act on the ingested food. In vivo and in vitro methods used for studying food and drug digestion in GI are summarized. Stomach emptying rate, which controls the rate of absorption of nutrients, is highly related to the disintegration of foods. This topic is highlighted with focus on the important mechanisms and the influence of chemical and physical properties of foods. Future research in this area is identified to increase our fundamental understanding of the food digestion process in the stomach as related to the food composition, material properties such as texture and microstructure, and chemical characteristics. This information is necessary to develop new guidelines for seeking innovative processing methods to manufacture foods specifically targeted for health.