颗粒级配对反应烧结碳化硅摩擦磨损特性的影响

研究了两种碳化硅粒子(14μm和42μm)不同比例配比的反应烧结碳化硅材料的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:反应烧结碳化硅的干摩擦摩擦系数和磨损率均表现在42μm碳化硅粒子加入量为零和50%时最低,而其它比例的较高.水润滑时的摩擦系数和磨损率在不加42μm碳化硅粒子时最低,在42μm碳化硅粒子50%时次之,并且比干摩擦时的成倍降低.     

碳化硅/碳化钨硬面密封摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能和机理研究

实验研究了干摩擦和水润滑条件下, 常压固相烧结碳化硅陶瓷(SSiC)及常压液相烧结碳化硅陶瓷(LPSiC)分别与碳化钨(WC)组成的硬面配对摩擦副的滑动摩擦磨损性能。在干摩擦条件下, 与LPSiC/WC摩擦副相比, SSiC陶瓷由于具有更大的晶粒尺寸和硬度, 导致SSiC/WC摩擦副具有更大的摩擦系数和更小的磨损量。磨损区域的SEM形貌结合面扫描分析、微区XRD分析结果表明: 微犁沟和微断裂导致SiC陶瓷的磨损, 疲劳损伤导致WC材料的磨损, 而摩擦过程产生的摩擦热导致磨出的WC颗粒氧化成无定型WO₃。在水润滑条件下, 与SSiC/WC摩擦副相比, LPSiC/WC摩擦副具有更大的摩擦系数和更低的磨损率。在干摩擦和水润滑条件下, 与SiC陶瓷作为动摩擦副配对相比, SiC陶瓷作为固定摩擦副的摩擦配对具有更小的摩擦系数和质量损失。     

SiCp/Al复合材料-半金属刹车材料干摩擦磨损性能研究

采用无压浸渗法制备15%(体积分数,下同),25%,35%,45%,55%的SiC颗粒(45,63μm)增强的铝基复合材料(SiCp/Al).在M-200型环块式磨损试验机上研究了SiCp/Al复合材料、灰铸铁(HT250)分别与半金属刹车材料配副的干摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,颗粒体积分数对复合材料摩擦系数的影响显著,而颗粒尺寸对复合材料摩擦系数影响不大.当颗粒体积分数从15%上升到55%时,SiCp(45μm)/Al复合材料的摩擦系数从0.319升高到0.385,提高20.7%,SiCp(63μm)/Al复合材料的摩擦系数从0.303升高到0.359,提高18.5%,且SiCp/Al复合材料摩擦系数的稳定性优于铸铁.HT250-刹车材料摩擦副的磨损率为7.09×10-6cm3m-1,是55%SiCp(45μm)/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的2.2倍,是55%SiCp(63μm)/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的2.7倍,SiCp/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的耐磨性明显优于铸铁-刹车材料摩擦副. SiCp/Al-刹车材料摩擦副的磨损率随着颗粒尺寸的增加而降低.     

聚四氟乙烯/碳纤维增强聚酰亚胺复合体系的摩擦学性能

研究评价了不同PTFE含量的碳纤维增强P1复合材料的力学和摩擦学性能，并分析了在干摩擦和水润滑2种不同条件下的磨损表面形貌和磨损机理。研究表明：PTFE以10%添加时PI/CF/PTFE体系的机械性能最佳，而摩擦学性能以5%添加为佳；随PTFE含量的增加，复合材料的摩擦系数降低，磨损率增加。水润滑下，摩擦系数和磨损率比干摩擦下的都有相应的降低。干摩擦下，材料的磨损均以塑性变形、微观破裂及破碎为主导；水润滑下，这一机制显著减弱，归因于水的润滑和冷却作用。     

SiO2对铜基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

为了提高铜基摩擦材料在高速干摩擦条件下的耐磨性能和具有稳定的摩擦系数,通过粉末冶金方法,制备了铜-SiO2摩擦材料.在摩擦速度为1.6～47.1 m/s条件下,研究了SiO2含量、粒度及摩擦方式对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响.研究表明:材料的摩擦系数和磨损率随着SiO2含量的增加而略有增大;SiO2颗粒尺寸的变化,对摩擦系数影响不显著;摩擦方式对材料的摩擦磨损性能的影响明显.SiO2含量增加有利于提高摩擦系数归因于增加了摩擦面高硬度质点的数量.干摩擦条件下影响材料摩擦磨损性能的一个重要因素是摩擦方式.在高速摩擦条件下,形成的第三体组织致密而连续,这种致密而连续的第三体有利于降低磨损量,并明显降低由于摩擦速度不同而导致的摩擦系数的波动程度.     

三种机械密封材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

研究了3种核主泵用机械密封陶瓷材料(氮化硅、氧化铝和碳化硅)在室温干摩擦条件下及水润滑条件下分别与氮化硅陶瓷球对磨的摩擦磨损性能。研究结果表明,在与氮化硅球干摩擦的3种材料中氧化铝陶瓷具有最大的摩擦系数和最小的磨损质量,氮化硅具有最小的摩擦系数。在氮化硅陶瓷自配对摩擦副摩擦磨损试验中,水润滑条件下氮化硅摩擦系数及摩擦质量损失都有很大程度的减小,且摩擦系数随转速增加而减小。综合考虑力学性能和摩擦磨损性能,选择氮化硅陶瓷作为核主泵机械密封材料更合适。     

石墨改性热塑性聚酰亚胺复合材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用热压成型工艺制备石墨填充热塑性聚酰亚胺复合材料,考察了复合材料的力学性能及干摩擦和三种油润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能;利用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪观察分析材料磨损表面形貌和元素分布.结果表明:石墨的加入降低了复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度,干摩擦条件下复合材料摩擦系数随着石墨含量的增大稳步降低最终保持在0.1左右;石墨含量为30%时复合材料磨损率仅为纯树脂的2.9%;油润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦系数相比干摩擦降低了一个数量级;三种润滑油均能在偶件表面形成稳定吸附膜,由于润滑油性质的差异导致材料摩擦磨损性能有所不同.     

填料特性对聚酰亚胺复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用不同特性玻璃质刚性填料(玻璃纤维、玻璃纤维粉、5μm 和20μm 玻璃微珠) 填充改性热塑性聚酰亚胺( TPI) , 利用MPX-2000 摩擦试验机测定了干摩擦、水润滑和油润滑条件下材料的摩擦磨损性能, 考察了不同形态、尺度填料的影响, 用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 观察磨损表面形貌, 分析材料磨损机理。结果表明, 大尺寸填料的单位个体与基体的界面面积和结合强度大于小尺寸填料, 其磨损率比小尺度填料的材料低。在水和油起到良好冷却作用后, 球形颗粒易出现应力集中, 疲劳裂纹向四周扩展、交汇, 产生疲劳磨损, 其程度随颗粒尺寸增大而提高, 表现为20μm 玻璃微珠填充材料磨损率最大。      

铜-石墨复合材料的摩擦学性能和磨损机理

采用机械合金化后冷压成型和放电等离子烧结两种不同工艺分别制备铜-石墨复合材料,在销盘式实验机上进行材料的摩擦实验,并通过扫描电镜、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析摩擦表面的形貌和化学性质。结果表明:随着石墨含量的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数与磨损率显著下降;随烧结温度的升高,摩擦系数与磨损率都呈下降趋势。摩擦系数与磨损率的显著改善是由于在磨损过程中形成一层覆盖表面的润滑膜。当形成的润滑膜几乎覆盖住整个磨损表面时,该润滑膜能够抑制滑动界面处金属与金属接触,使摩擦磨损特性得以改善。     

类金刚石薄膜在干摩擦、油和脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能分析

通过钢/类金刚石(DLC)薄膜摩擦副在干摩擦4、122油和L252脂润滑条件下的球-盘摩擦学试验,对比分析润滑条件、载荷、速度对DLC膜摩擦系数的影响,利用原子力显微镜分析膜层磨损性能,研究润滑条件对膜层磨损寿命的影响。结果表明:油、脂润滑下DLC膜最大静摩擦系数分别减小了17%和38%;从0～2000 r/min转速范围内,DLC膜摩擦系数随转速增加而减小,油润滑下相比干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数小15%～48%,脂润滑下相比干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数在0～500 r/min转速范围小,超过500 r/min后干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数小;油和脂润滑条件下,DLC膜层的磨损程度明显降低,磨损率相比干摩擦条件下分别减小了7.4倍和15.5倍。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。