碱性蛋白酶降解小麦面筋蛋白的研究

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,采用单因素和正交实验研究了碱性蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白水解最适条件。结果表明,最佳酶解条件为:温度70℃,pH9.0,底物量7g,水解时间5h。在此条件下,DPPH自由基清除率达到92.65%,效果显著。     

中性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白的条件优化

以DPPH·自由基清除率为筛选指标,应用L9(34)正交设计优化中性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白的最适务件,结果表明,当温度为45℃,pH 8,料液比为5:100(g/mL),水解时间4h时,酶解液的DPPH·清除率达到93.18%.由此可知,在此优化条件下,小麦面筋蛋白的酶解液具有较强体外抗氧化活性,具备深入研究价值.     

杏仁蛋白Alcalase水解工艺及其体外抗氧化活性的研究

为深入开发利用杏仁蛋白资源,采用Alcalase蛋白酶水解杏仁蛋白,以水解度为指标对酶解过程进行研究,在单因素试验基础上以水解度和DPPH自由基清除率为指标进行酶解正交试验.结果表明制备抗氧化能力较强的杏仁蛋白水解物的最佳条件为:pH 8.0,温度55 ℃,酶底比4%,底物浓度5%.在此条件下进行水解试验,水解度为21.02%,水解物对DPPH自由基的清除率为66.13%.     

酶法降解小麦面筋蛋白制备抗氧化产物的研究

采用12种不同来源、不同性质的蛋白酶对小麦面筋蛋白进行酶解改造，通过考察水解液体外抗氧化活性、酶解蛋白的水解度和回收率等指标，筛选最适降解小麦蛋白的蛋白酶。结果表明：木瓜蛋白酶（精）效果最佳，其酶解蛋白含量为2．81％，回收率为76，60％，水解度为58．22％，经稀释5倍后的DPPH自由基的清除率为76．5％，还原力为3，00％。     

碱性蛋白酶降解小麦面筋蛋白制备抗氧化产物的工艺优化

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,采用碱性蛋白酶降解小麦面筋蛋白,考察了酶解温度、pH值、酶解时间以及底物量对小麦面筋蛋白酶解产物抗氧化活性的影响,在正交试验的基础上,得到碱性蛋白酶解小麦面筋蛋白的最佳工艺条件为:酶解温度50℃,pH 8.0,酶解时间25 min,底物量5.0 g.在此条件下小麦面筋蛋白酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率可达70.41%.     

酶水解小麦面筋蛋白及其结构分析

采用中性蛋白酶水解小麦面筋蛋白，重点阐述酶水解小麦面筋蛋白的水解条件及影响因素，对多肽和巯基含量进行测定，并分析了水解前后面筋蛋白结构的变化。     

酶水解鲫鱼蛋白质及产物抗氧化活性初探

本实验主要研究了碱性蛋白酶对鲫鱼的水解作用及其水解液的抗氧化活性,探讨了酶浓度、底物浓度、水解温度、时间、pH对鲫鱼蛋白质水解度的影响,同时用DPPH(二苯基苦基苯肼)自由基法和改进的邻苯三酚法测定分析水解液的抗氧化活性。结果表明:酶解条件为E为4%,S为10%,pH8.0,时间为4h,温度为50℃时可以获得较高水解度,同时水解液对DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·)具有较高清除率。     

多指标优化珠蚌抗氧化肽制备工艺

采用取珠后珠蚌肉为原料,选用木瓜蛋白酶进行水解。以DPPH自由基清除率、.OH清除率及蛋白水解度作为评价指标,研究珠蚌抗氧化活性肽的制备工艺。在单因素基础上,通过三个指标的综合考虑,设计L18(37)多指标正交试验,对制备工艺进行优化,得出最佳工艺条件。结果表明,最佳条件为:酶解温度60℃、酶解时间5h、料液比3:10(w/v)、酶解pH6.5、加酶量6000U/g,制得的多肽DPPH自由基清除率85.5%,.OH清除率50.7%,水解度23.09%;此时,DPPH自由基清除率EC50为0.4mg/mL,.OH清除率EC50为0.7mg/mL。     

棉籽蛋白多肽的制备及对DPPH自由基的清除作用

以棉籽蛋白为底物,采用木瓜蛋白酶为水解酶进行水解,以DPPH清除率来测定其水解产物的抗氧化能力.结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶最适作用条件:pH值为8.0,酶与底物浓度比[E]/[S]为10%,温度为55℃.不同水解度(DH)的棉籽蛋白多肽清除DPPH自由基的能力不同,当水解度为3.81%时,DPPH自由基的清除率最高可达70.7%.     

木瓜蛋白酶水解鱼蛋白酶解产物抗氧化活性研究

研究了鱼蛋白酶解产物的抗氧化能力,通过单因素和正交试验,得到酶反应的最佳工艺条件为底物浓度15%、加酶量5%、水解pH 7、水解时间3.0 h、温度为50℃。在此条件下鱼蛋白水解产物抗氧化活性较好,其DPPH 清除率为68.38%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.