从啤酒废酵母制取氨基酸工艺的研究

目的研究以啤酒废酵母为原料生产氨基酸的工艺条件。方法研究温度、pH、食盐浓度、木瓜蛋白酶添加量、自溶(水解)时间等因素对啤酒废酵母水解的影响,确定最佳自溶条件。结果啤酒废酵母最适自溶(水解)条件为:温度55℃,pH5.5,食盐浓度3%,木瓜蛋白酶添加量0.8%(以啤酒废酵母干重计,自溶16 h后开始添加),自溶(水解)时间28 h。结论确定了利用啤酒废酵母生产氨基酸的最佳自溶(水解)条件。     

从啤酒废酵母制取氨基酸工艺的研究

目的研究以啤酒废酵母为原料生产氨基酸的工艺条件。方法研究温度、PH、食盐浓度、木瓜蛋白酶添加量、自溶（水解）时间等因素对啤酒废酵母水解的影响,确定最佳自溶条件。结果啤酒废酵母最适自溶（水解）条件为：温度贷℃,pH5．5,食盐浓度3％,木瓜蛋白酶添加量0．8％（以啤酒废酵母干重计,自溶16h后开始添加）,自溶（水解）时间28h。结论确定了利用啤酒废酵母生产氨基酸的最佳自溶（水解）条件。     

啤酒废酵母综合破壁法提取酵母味素技术

研究了高压均质、酶法溶胞、温差破壁3种细胞壁破碎法对啤酒废酵母抽提物(酵母味素)的得率、蛋白质的转化率及氨基氮溶出率的影响.结果表明,在适宜的自溶条件下,利用综合破壁法可使酵母抽提物中酵母味素得率、蛋白质的转化率及氨基氮溶出率显著提高.     

利用有活力和无活力的啤酒废酵母生产酵母抽提物

以两种形态的啤酒废酵母(有活力的和无活力的)为原料,制备酵母抽提物。实验表明,采用自溶法处理啤酒废酵母液(有活力的),最佳作用条件是在温度45℃、pH 5.5下,自溶28 h,所得酵母抽提液的氨基氮含量为5.16 g/L,氨基氮得率为6.77%,产品得率为69.01%;酶采用酶水解法添加木瓜蛋白处理啤酒废酵母粉(无活力的),最佳作用条件是在木瓜蛋白酶添加量2.5%(以酵母干重计)、温度55℃p、H 4.5下,酶水解时间18 h,所得酵母抽提液的氨基氮含量为3.35 g/L,氨基氮得率为4.31%,产品得率为76.66%。     

自溶促进剂乙醇自溶酵母最佳条件的研究

进行了以乙醇为自溶促进剂啤酒废酵母自溶最佳条件的研究,试验表明,啤酒废酵母经过洗涤,ＮａＨＣＯ３预处理,加水量为质量分数２００％,乙醇添加量为质量分数１％,控制起始ｐＨ６．５－７,温度４７℃,自熔４８小时,自溶效果最好。还比较了添加食盐,木瓜蛋白酶,乙醇三种不同促进剂对自溶的影响,综合比较各项指标,添加乙醇效果最佳。     

啤酒废酵母综合破壁法提取酵母味素技术

本文研究了高压均质、酶法溶胞、冻融法三种细胞壁破碎法对啤酒废酵母抽提物（酵母味素）的得率、蛋白质的转化率及氨基氮溶出率的影响。实验结果,在适宜的自溶条件下,利用综合破壁法可使酵母抽提物中上述三项指标显著提高。     

外加酶促啤酒废酵母自溶制备酵母抽提物及理化性质检测

利用啤酒废酵母资源,采用自溶-酶联技术制备酵母抽提物.以氨基氮得率和固形物得率为主要指标考察了影响酵母自溶的外加蛋白酶的种类及添加量、酵母悬浮液浓度、自溶时间、酶解时间因素,并对酵母酶联自溶的相关促进荆进行正交试验优选.优化确定了后续抽提物生产的旋转蒸发及喷雾干燥工艺的参数,并对其金属离子含量、物理性状、溶解性、pH、总氨基酸含量等理化参数指标进行测评.所制酵母抽提物中氨基氮得率和固形物得率分别达到3.937%和59.24%,理化指标大都达到或超过酵母抽提物行业标准的优级指标要求.     

啤酒废酵母综合破壁法提取酵母味素技术

研究了高压均质、酶法溶胞、冻融法三种细胞壁破碎法对啤酒废酵母抽提物(酵母味素)的得率、蛋白质的转化率及氨基氮溶出率的影响.实验结果,在适宜的自溶条件下,利用综合破壁法可使酵母抽提物中上述三项指标显著提高.     

基于功能性调味剂开发的啤酒废酵母自溶工艺条件的研究

为了设计利用啤酒废酵母生产功能性调味剂的工艺流程,试验对啤酒废酵母的脱苦工艺和自溶条件进行研究。结果表明:啤酒废酵母脱苦的最佳NaHCO3浓度为0.5%,最佳的自溶条件为0.3%NaCl溶液和0.05%的溶壁酶作促进剂、pH7.0、自溶温度55℃、自溶时间60 h。     

自溶-酶联技术制备啤酒废酵母抽提物工艺及产物理化参数研究

为了提高啤酒酵母的利用率,利用啤酒废酵母资源,采用自溶与添加外源酶相结合的方法制备酵母抽提物.以氨基氮得率、总氮得率和固形物得率为主要指标考察了对酵母自溶影响关键的几个因素,包括自溶促进剂、自溶时间、酶解时间,并在此基础上对酵母酶联自溶进行正交试验,结果表明:自溶-酶联技术是制备啤酒酵母抽提物的理想方法,制成品中氨基氮得率、总氮得率和固形物得率分别达到4.30%、8.98%和59.0%.并对其物理性状、溶解性、pH、干湿比、总氨基酸含量等理化参数指标进行评定.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.