真空冷却与常规冷却方式对白煮牛肉品质影响的比较

本实验研究了真空冷却方式与冷风冷却,自然冷却方式对白煮牛肉品质的影响。样品中心温度从80℃冷却到10℃以下,与冷风冷却(120min)室温冷却(240min)相比较,真空冷却(24min)冷却速率较高。与常规冷却方式相比较,真空冷却的冷却损失较高,剪切力较大,硬度较大,弹性较低,色泽较差。感观分析表明,真空冷却样品总体可接受性不及常规冷却样品。微生物检测表明,真空冷却能显著降低菌落总数,减少细菌增殖,保证样品的卫生质量。     

冷却方式对酱牛肉品质的影响

为研究不同冷却方式对酱牛肉品质的影响,分析冷风隧道、自然冷却和真空冷却条件下酱牛肉冷却速率、冷却损失率、菌落总数、色泽、剪切力、风味等指标变化,通过扫描、透射电子显微镜观察不同冷却方式下酱牛肉的肌纤维横向和纵向收缩情况。结果表明：3 种冷却方式中,真空冷却处理酱牛肉冷却速率最快、肉色较为鲜艳,但冷却损失率和剪切力也最大,扫描、透射电镜观察结果表明,真空冷却加速了水分损失和肌纤维结构收缩;冷风隧道和自然冷却处理酱牛肉的初始菌落总数分别为2.35、2.75 （lg（CFU/g））,显著高于真空冷却酱牛肉的1.85 （lg（CFU/g））（P＜0.05）;3 种冷却方式处理酱牛肉风味品质无明显差异。因此,真空冷却可提高酱牛肉冷却速率,降低颜色劣变,延长产品货架期,但水分损失相对较大,嫩度下降,在酱牛肉工业化加工应用中需综合考虑。     

真空冷却-浸入式真空冷却对白煮鸡腿品质影响

以白煮鸡腿为研究对象,使用真空冷却-浸入式真空冷却、真空冷却、浸入式真空冷却、传统的冷却方法风冷、水冷方法比较产品品质和冷却效果。比较结果表明白煮鸡腿的中心温度从72℃降至10℃用真空冷却-浸入式真空冷却方法降温速率最快,并且弹性显著(p0.05)大于其他冷却方式,a*、剪切力、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性与水冷无显著性(p0.05)的差别,各冷却方式的白煮鸡腿pH在一周的贮藏期内无显著性差别(p0.05)。真空冷却-浸入式真空冷却方法的冷却速率快,且最终冷却产品的品质也较好。     

冷却方式对熟制腊肉品质的影响

利用真空冷却、混合冷却（自然冷却＋真空冷却）、自然冷却和鼓风冷却4 种冷却方式将熟制腊肉的中 心温度从60 ℃冷却至25 ℃,研究腊肉在4 ℃下贮藏期间的品质变化。并对冷却样品的冷却速率、质量损失率、质 构、色泽、气味、感官得分进行分析及对比。结果显示,理化指标方面,相对其他冷却方式,真空冷却和混合冷却 能够减少微生物污染,从而延长货架期;混合冷却不仅能够缩短冷却时间,提高产品口感,还能够达到延长货架期 的目的。     

不同冷却方式对熟制包子品质的影响

包子熟制之后需要冷却然后才能进行包装贮藏,为找到最适合熟制包子的冷却方式,文中通过对产品进行自然冷却、鼓风冷却、真空冷却和混合冷却4种不同的处理,比较其在同一温度下贮藏不同时间的品质变化。结果表明:不同冷却方式对产品保质期有不同影响(P<0.05),混合冷却方式具有取代常规冷却和真空冷却方式的可行性。混合冷却的质量损失明显低于真空冷却而冷却速率显著快于常规冷却方式;在色泽方面混合冷却可以改善真空冷却的颜色较暗这一缺点;在硬度与电子鼻分析方面混合冷却与常规冷却相比有较明显差异(P<0.05),但相对于真空冷却已有提高,在黏聚性、黏性、咀嚼性等方面混合冷却与常规冷却没有显著差异(P>0.05);感官评分的可接受性明显优于真空冷却。在化学指标测定方面:混合冷却与真空冷却对pH值变化的影响较小(P>0.05)并且可以降低包子皮的老化程度;混合冷却与真空冷却均可以显著延缓微生物污染和脂肪氧化程度,从而达到延长食品货架期的目的。     

浸泡式真空冷却初始温度对蒸煮羊肉品质的影响

为了加快浸泡式真空冷却在工业生产中的应用,通过与冷风冷却比较,研究不同初始水温下浸泡式真空冷却对蒸煮羊肉冷却效果及品质的影响。结果表明:浸泡式真空冷却过程中,浸泡液初始温度越低,羊肉的降温速率越高,质量损失越大。为提高冷却速率,降低质量损失,筛选最佳初始温度25℃。此温度下,浸泡式真空冷却的冷却速率明显高于冷风冷却,其质量损失明显低于冷风冷却(P0.05)。质构分析结果显示,经浸泡式真空冷却的羊肉,其剪切力均小于经冷风冷却的羊肉,而在弹性、内聚性等方面与冷风冷却方式无显著差异(P0.05)。浸泡液初始温度对羊肉的品质无显著影响(P0.05)。     

不同冷却方法对馒头贮藏过程品质的影响

通过对馒头采用自然冷却、冷风冷却和真空冷却3种冷却方法,并在4℃的条件下对产品进行贮藏,研究面食品质的变化。结果表明,相对于其他冷却方法,真空冷却将馒头从85℃冷却至20℃所用时间最短,仅为900s,冷却速率高,产品质量损失大,失重率可达到1.683%;冷却后产品硬度、黏性、咀嚼性较大,但粘结性和回弹性方面3种冷却方式没有明显差异;亮度L*偏小,红度a*偏大,黄度b*差异不明显。真空冷却能够有效抑制微生物生长,从而延长食品的保存期。     

不同冷却方式对熟制麻团品质的影响

本文通过对产品进行自然冷却、冷风冷却、真空冷却和自真混合冷却及风真混合冷却,比较5种不同的冷却处理下熟制麻团品质的变化情况。结果表明:真空冷却过程中失重率远远高于自然冷却及冷风冷却;真空冷却产品硬度和脆性较高,但弹性、色泽、感官评价均低于其他冷却方式;理化指标方面,随着贮藏时间的延长,真空冷却和混合冷却能够显著减少微生物的增长,从而达到延长货架期的目的。研究发现,采用自然冷却与真空冷却相结合的方式,既能缩短冷却时间,提高产品口感,而且能达到延长货架期的目的。     

不同冷却方式对熟制馄饨品质的影响

通过真空冷却、鼓风冷却以及自然冷却3种方式对熟制馄饨进行冷却处理,并在4℃的条件下对产品密封储藏,研究随储存时间的延长,3种不同冷却方式处理的馄饨产品品质的变化情况。结果表明:与常规冷却方式相比较,真空冷却的冷却速率高(P<0.05),冷却失重率大(P<0.05);真空冷却的产品L*值偏小,a*值偏大(P<0.05);硬度和咀嚼性较大、弹性较低(P<0.05),但粘结性、黏性、回复性方面3种冷却方式没有显著差异。随着储藏时间的延长,真空冷却能显著降低馄饨产品的菌落总数、TBA值和pH值(P<0.05),减缓产品品质的劣变。     

冷却对熟粽子品质的影响

粽子在蒸煮后需冷却。为了寻找合适的冷却方法,通过真空冷却、冷风冷却、自然冷却3种方式处理煮后的3种速冻粽子,测定这些粽子的品质差异。结果表明:与常规冷却方式相比较,真空冷却速率高(P0.05),冷却损失较高(P0.05)。质构分析表明:真空冷却产品硬度较大(P0.05),而黏着性、弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性和回复性方面没有显著差异(P0.05)。感官分析表明:真空冷却的产品口感虽然不及常规冷却的产品,但在可接受的范围。化学指标分析表明,真空冷却能显著降低菌落总数。电子鼻分析结果表明:豆沙粽子和肉粽子真空冷却与常规冷却的产品挥发性气味显著不同,而对白粽子的影响不显著。真空冷却是一种快速、安全的冷却方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.