硝基二唑炸药爆炸参数的经验计算(Ⅰ)

以2,4,5-三硝基咪唑(2,4,5-TNI)为"母体"结构单元,用硝基、硝氨基和偶氮基等爆炸基团取代其1位氮上的氢原子获得系列新型多硝基咪唑类炸药分子。运用Brinkley-Wilson(B-W)法则、Rothsteine’s和Kamlet方法等对该类炸药的爆炸参数进行了计算,并与HMX等炸药的爆炸参数进行了比较。结果表明,该类炸药密度大,爆速为7.9-9.2km·s-1,爆压为29.0-42.0GPa,接近RDX甚至HMX,是一类新型高能量密度材料化合物;该类炸药分子中含芳香咪唑环,预计其分子稳定性良好。     

新型粉状铵油炸药实验研究

为解决当前粉状铵油炸药生产工艺复杂,爆炸能量低的难题,在105～110℃将硝酸铵与地蜡、表面活性剂、吸附剂和水混溶制成浆状混合液,并在真空度为-0.07～-0.09MPa压力下脱水干燥,研磨过筛,得到粉状铵油炸药。分析了炸药微观结构和感度,研究了装药密度对炸药爆速和水下爆炸能量的影响。结果表明,该炸药各组分混合均匀,安全性好,当炸药最佳装药密度为0.91～0.94g.cm-3时,爆速大于4000m.s-1,水下爆炸能量接近于理论计算爆热值。     

2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基-1-氧吡嗪爆炸参数的理论计算

运用预测炸药分解产物的BW法则、计算爆速的Rthsteine's方法和计算C-J压力的库珀方法等,对钝感含能材料2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基-1-氧吡嗪(LLM-105)的爆炸参数进行了理论计算;并与HMX和TATB的爆炸参数进行了比较,结果表明LLM-105是一种能量超过TATB、接近HMX的钝感含能材料.     

低爆速膨化铵油爆炸焊接炸药的实验研究

为解决当前低爆速爆炸焊接炸药混合均匀性差,爆炸性能不稳定的难题,研究采用硝酸铵与微晶蜡、十八伯胺醋酸盐、稀释剂和水在115～125℃的温度下混溶,并在-0.07～-0.09 MPa下得到一种低爆速膨化铵油爆炸焊接炸药。对该炸药的热安全性、微观结构和机械感度进行了分析,研究了不同布药厚度对炸药爆速的影响,并进行铝/钢板爆炸焊接实验。结果表明,该炸药混合均匀,机械感度低,爆速在1900～2400 m.s-1之间,超声波探伤检测复合率达99%,能满足金属板材爆炸焊接的要求。     

球形装药水下爆炸近场测量的连续探针法研究

为了在水下爆炸的单次试验中连续获得炸药爆轰波和近场冲击波的时程曲线,研制了一种压导式连续电阻丝探针,并基于此设计了球形装药水下爆炸测试系统。采用粉状黑索今（RDX）炸药进行120 mm直径的球形装药水下爆炸试验,测量获得了多组爆轰波-冲击波时程曲线。通过对爆轰波段数据进行拟合得到了待测RDX炸药的爆速,利用冲击波段数据计算得到了炸药爆压、绝热指数以及水中冲击波的衰减规律,并与康姆莱特半经验公式和数值模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明：运用新型电阻丝探针测得的RDX炸药参数与理论值相比,爆速、爆压和绝热指数的相对误差分别小于3%、5%和2%;模拟得到的近场冲击波峰压和速度曲线与试验结果基本吻合,最大误差不超过10%.     

绝热型爆轰热量计的建立和高能炸药的爆热测定

设计了一种大型绝热型爆轰热量计。最大试验药量为５０ｇ带外壳的高能炸药。试样在真空中爆炸，也可在充氮环境中爆炸。测定了２０余种高能炸药的爆热（△Ｈ＿（ｄｅｔ）），实验结果表明，混合炸药爆热的组分之间存在线性加和关系，可以根据其组分计算混合作药的爆热。     

硝基二唑炸药爆炸参数的经验计算(Ⅱ)

选取3,4,5-三硝基吡唑（TNP）为“母体”结构单元,用爆炸基团如硝基、硝氨基、偶氮和氧化偶氮基等对其1位氮原子上的氢原子进行消除修饰,构建一类新型多硝基吡唑类炸药分子。运用Brinkley-Wilson（ B-W）法则,Rothsteine′s和Kamlet等方法对该类炸药的爆炸参数进行了计算,并与RDX和HMX等炸药进行了比较。结果表明,该类炸药密度大,爆速为7．9～9．3 km· s-1,爆压为29．0～42．0 GPa,是一类新型高能量密度材料化合物,该类炸药分子中含芳香吡唑环,预测其分子稳定性良好。     

凝聚相炸药爆炸过程中二次燃烧现象研究

为考察不同类型炸药爆炸火光现象差异性与炸药本身性能参数之间的相关性,采用分幅式高速摄像设备对17种凝聚相炸药小药量爆炸过程中的二次燃烧现象进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:凝聚相炸药爆炸火球在二次燃烧阶段的发展过程主要由炸药的氧平衡情况决定,而与试验装药密度下的爆压、爆热、爆速等参数相关性不大.用于估算炸药爆炸火球参数的相关公式存在过于简化或不全面的问题.     

含铝炸药爆炸能量预估

为了预估含铝炸药爆炸能量,分析了非理想爆轰能量预测模型,利用matlab软件、迭代计算方法、平衡常数方法和数值逼近原理编制了数值计算软件。利用本软件计算了常用含铝炸药H-6、HBX-1、Alex 20、Alex 32、Tritonal及Torpex的C-J爆压、C-J爆速等相关参数,与已有实验值吻合较好。计算结果表明,利用本软件所计算的爆温和爆热结果与以往经验公式计算结果吻合较好,爆热的相对误差小于8%,故适合于含铝炸药的能量预测。     

金属爆炸焊接用低爆速膨化铵油炸药实验研究

将膨化硝铵与柴油按94.55.5质量比混制为铵油炸药,并与混合稀释剂按不同质量比混合后,以自然堆积状态和不同的铺设药厚,测量混合炸药爆速和密度.结果显示,当稀释剂含量从20%增加到60%时,混合炸药的爆速(药厚:30 mm)由3100 m·s-1降到2100 m·s-1,炸药的密度也由0.615 g·cm-3增加到0.76 g·cm-3(稀释剂含量: 20%～50%);稀释剂含量为50%的混合炸药,当药厚在25～50 mm范围内时,爆速保持在2300～2360 m·s-1之间.用含35%稀释剂的混合膨化铵油炸药对SS304/16MnR进行的爆炸焊接试验表明,该混合炸药能够用于金属材料的爆炸焊接.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.