1000MW超超临界塔式锅炉NO_x排放特性试验研究

对某电厂1 000MW超超临界塔式锅炉进行了燃烧优化调整试验,分析了省煤器出口O2体积分数、机组负荷、二次风配风方式、紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)风量、分离燃尽风(SOFA)风量及磨煤机组合方式等因素对锅炉燃烧及NOx排放特性的影响.结果表明:省煤器出口O2体积分数和机组负荷对锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度有较大的影响;随着省煤器出口O2体积分数的增加,NOx排放质量浓度显著上升;随着机组负荷的降低,NOx排放质量浓度先降低后升高,锅炉热效率则先升高后降低;通过设置合理的二次风配风方式、CCOFA和SOFA风量比例以及磨煤机组合方式,既可以提高锅炉热效率又可以降低NOx排放质量浓度.     

四角切圆燃煤锅炉变SOFA风量下燃烧特性数值模拟

对某电厂660MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉增加了分离燃尽风(SOFA)的低氮改造,利用Ansys Fluent14.0软件进行了改造后燃烧特性的数值模拟,并将数值模拟结果与实际测量数据进行对比,研究了炉膛速度场、温度场、组分场和NOx质量浓度的分布规律,分析了不同SOFA风门开度下燃烧器区域以及沿炉膛高度方向NOx质量浓度的变化.结果表明:低氮改造中增加SOFA后的温度分布较均匀,切圆形成较好,没有出现火焰贴墙现象;当SOFA风门开度由30%增大到100%时,燃烧器区域最高温度由1 803K降低到1 684K,最高温度降低119K;燃烧器区域NOx最高质量浓度由388 mg/m3降低到259 mg/m3,降低了129 mg/m3;炉膛出口NOx质量浓度由487.9mg/m3降低到307.4mg/m3,降低了180.5mg/m3;通过调节SOFA风门开度可有效降低炉膛出口NOx质量浓度.     

不同负荷下变SOFA风率对低NO_x燃烧特性影响分析

SOFA(分离燃尽风)风率是决定燃尽风技术降低NOx排放浓度的关键因素。运用FLUENT(流体计算软件),对1台采用立体分级低氮燃烧技术的300 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉炉内燃烧过程进行了数值计算,得出了300 MW、240MW、180 MW负荷SOFA风率分别为28%、20%和15%共9个工况下炉内水平截面的平均温度、组分浓度和NOx浓度随锅炉高度的变化曲线,并进行了详细分析。计算结果表明:随着SOFA风率的增大,同一机组负荷下主燃区内温度水平和平均氧浓度均有所降低,平均CO浓度升高,NOx浓度亦降低,同时煤粉颗粒的燃尽率有所减小。分析结果可为锅炉机组在不同负荷下运行时采用合理的SOFA风率以实现环保经济性运行提供一定的理论参考。     

超临界四角切圆燃烧锅炉运行方式对水冷壁高温腐蚀影响的试验研究

针对某630 MW超临界四角切圆燃烧锅炉水冷壁存在的高温腐蚀问题,对水冷壁近壁面烟气成分(O2、CO及H2S)进行了测试,分析了运行O2体积分数、煤粉细度、入炉煤含硫量、紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)风量、分离燃尽风(SOFA)风量及周界风量等因素对水冷壁高温腐蚀及NOx排放特性的影响.结果表明:高温腐蚀发生区域表现出明显的强还原性气氛;增大运行O2体积分数,同时保证风量沿炉膛高度方向上的合理分配可减弱水冷壁近壁面还原性气氛;煤粉细度对水冷壁近壁面还原性气氛的影响较小;随着入炉煤含硫量的增加,水冷壁近壁面H2S体积分数增大,O2和CO体积分数则变化不大;较小的CCOFA风量及适当的SOFA风量有利于减轻水冷壁高温腐蚀;周界风量对主燃烧区下部壁面区域还原性气氛的影响较大,运行时应适当减少周界风量.     

600 MW超临界直流锅炉的燃烧调整试验

试验研究了600 MW锅炉超临界压力螺旋管圈直流炉在省煤器出口氧量、炉膛风箱压差、SOFA风投运组合、CCOFA风投运组合、磨煤机投运组合、煤粉细度、偏置风开度等不同情况下对锅炉效率、NOx排放的影响.超临界600 MW锅炉在燃烧神华煤时,试验得到较为合理的运行控制方案:锅炉省煤器出口氧量维持3.2%;炉膛、风箱压差维持在850～900 Pa左右;SOFA风投3～4 层;CCOFA风投2层;一次风压在8.5 kPa左右;建议投运ABCEF磨煤机的分组运行模式;各二次风门开度均布,并根据汽温偏差设定各风门开度.     

低NOx燃烧器燃烧特性的数值模拟

研究对350MW电站锅炉采用低NOx燃烧器和常规直流煤粉燃烧器的燃烧过程进行了数值模拟.数值分析结果表明炉内的最高温度出现在燃烧器上部附近,在此区域,锅炉采用低NOx燃烧器的火焰中心温度比常规燃烧器的要高出100℃多,而对应2种燃烧器的截面平均温度沿炉高没有明显的区别;燃烧器区域的截面温度场呈现出马鞍形分布,即炉膛中心和炉壁附近的温度较小,其二者中间环形区域的温度最高;周期性变化的一次风喷嘴截面的火焰平均温度较高,二次风喷嘴截面的火焰平均温度较小,二者相差300℃左右,炉膛的切圆直径在燃烧器上部附近最小,在燃烧器区域,切圆直径几乎为常数,在燃烧器的上部和下部区域,炉膛截面的切圆直径较大;低NOx燃烧器和常规直流煤粉燃烧器所对应的切圆直径,在燃烧器的上部附近,低NOx燃烧器相应的切圆直径要大一些,在其它的区域中二者相应的切圆直径没有明显的区别.     

锅炉不同配风方式下炉内高温腐蚀影响特性研究与运行防控

切圆燃烧锅炉不同配风方式对锅炉热效率和NO_x排放浓度的研究文献很多,但其对炉内整个燃烧区域高温腐蚀的影响特性的报道较少。以某660 MW超临界机组锅炉为研究对象,通过现场测试,研究了不同配风方式对NO_x排放浓度和炉膛水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响特性,并给予了炉内水冷壁高温腐蚀运行防控方面的指导。额定负荷运行工况下,建议AA托底风风门挡板开大,有利于控制冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀;开大周界风门挡板以及关小紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)和分离燃尽风(SOFA)风门挡板,将缓解主燃烧器与燃尽风之间区域水冷壁、主燃烧器区域水冷壁和冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀,这将为同类型机组运行提供指导和借鉴。     

1000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布的试验研究

对2台1 000MW超超临界压力塔式直流锅炉炉膛水冷壁管壁温度和热负荷分布进行了测量和计算,并对不同负荷工况、不同磨煤机投运方式下的热负荷和管壁温度分布规律以及炉膛上部垂直水冷壁的热负荷分布进行了分析.结果表明:1 000MW塔式直流锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律与其他四角切圆燃烧锅炉炉膛热负荷的分布规律基本一致.由于在最上层的燃烧器上方布置了燃尽风,对炉内烟气的扰动加强,导致沿管长方向的热负荷在54m标高处波动较大;在燃尽风喷嘴中心线以上,因受到燃尽风进入炉膛的影响,水冷壁热负荷大幅度下降.为了避免炉膛大比热区传热恶化,可以将处于拟临界点附近的水冷壁布置在低热负荷区域.     

燃尽风及生物质气对燃煤锅炉燃烧过程及NO_x排放影响的数值模拟

为研究燃尽风以及掺烧生物质气对燃煤锅炉燃烧及NO_x排放的影响,对某电厂330 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行空气分级燃烧改造,在其主燃烧器上方5 m处增加3层分离式燃尽风(SOFA),基于FLUENT模拟软件,搭建了纯煤燃烧和煤粉掺烧生物质气模型,对锅炉无SOFA、有SOFA(15%和20%配风比)、有SOFA(15%和20%配风比)同时掺烧松木气等5种工况的炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析不同工况下炉内速度场、温度场、组分场及污染物NOx排放特性。结果表明:在无SOFA和有15%SOFA工况下,一次风、二次风均能形成良好切圆,速度场稳定,在20%SOFA配比下,燃尽风切圆不太理想;与无SOFA纯煤燃烧工况相比,有SOFA工况下,主燃烧区中心温度均有所降低,分别降低了3. 31、27. 48、6. 78和40 K,而在SOFA区域温度有所上升,炉膛出口CO和O_2体积分数增大,CO2体积分数减小,与纯煤无SOFA工况相比,当SOFA配风比从15%增至20%时,NOx炉膛出口平均质量浓度在纯煤工况下分别降低了10. 76%和13. 28%,而在掺烧工况下分别降低了26%和28. 4%。     

1000MW双切圆锅炉低氮同轴燃烧系统的模拟分析

以某电厂1 000 MW单炉膛双切圆锅炉为例,分析了炉膛内低氮同轴燃烧系统的流场特性。得到了单炉膛双切圆炉膛内温度、速度等物理量分布,得到了CFS(偏置风)、SOFA(分离燃尽风)对锅炉结渣性、烟温偏差、NO排放等的影响。结果表明:双切圆燃烧方式的烟速偏差小于单切圆燃烧方式;炉膛按温度分热角和冷角;受冷角布置的影响,适中的CFS风速才能形成"风包煤"特性,防止结渣;SOFA反切使受热面热偏差减小,火焰中心上移,NO浓度逐渐增大;SOFA摆角位置应根据受热面安全性、煤质特性、NO排放综合考虑。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.