电子束曝光技术及其应用综述

综述了几种目前已得到应用和正在发展中的电子束曝光技术,包括基于扫描电镜(SEM)电子束、高斯电子束、成型电子束和投影电子束曝光技术等,并分析比较了这些技术各自的特点、应用及发展前景.     

光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配与混合光刻技术

介绍如何实现光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配和混合光刻的技术,包括:(1)光学曝光系统与电子束曝光系统的匹配技术;(2)投影光刻和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术;(3)接触式光刻机和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术;(4)大小束流混合曝光技术或大小光阑混合曝光技术;(5)电子束与光学曝光系统混合光刻对准标记制作技术.该技术已成功地应用于纳米器件和集成电路的研制工作,实现了20nm线条曝光,研制成功了27n m CMOS器件;进行了50nm单电子器件的演试;并广泛地用于100nm化合物器件和其他微/纳米结构的制造.     

光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配与混合光刻技术

介绍如何实现光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配和混合光刻的技术,包括:(1)光学曝光系统与电子束曝光系统的匹配技术;(2)投影光刻和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术;(3)接触式光刻机和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术;(4)大小束流混合曝光技术或大小光阑混合曝光技术;(5)电子束与光学曝光系统混合光刻对准标记制作技术.该技术已成功地应用于纳米器件和集成电路的研制工作,实现了20nm线条曝光,研制成功了27n m CMOS器件;进行了50nm单电子器件的演试;并广泛地用于100nm化合物器件和其他微/纳米结构的制造.     

电子束曝光技术的应用

电子束曝光技术是一种日益完善的超微细图形加工技术,它被广泛应用于航天通讯国防军工及超大规模集成电路等诸多领域。电子束曝光技术具有极高的分辨率,理论上甚至能达到原子量级。电子束曝光可以在基片上进行无掩膜直接曝光,具有极高的灵活性,因此是研制各种超微细结构器件的有力工具。目前先进的高性能电子束曝光系统主要用于0.1～0.5微米的超微细加工,甚至可以实现纳米线条的曝光制作。 电子束曝光技术是在扫描电镜技术的基础上发展起来的,其原理是计算机控制电子束成像电镜及偏转系统,     

集成电路与半导体器件制造中的电子束曝光技术

本文叙述了国际上电子束曝光技术的发展趋势,分析了我国电子束曝光技术的发展现状,回顾了电子部四十八所电子束曝光技术的进展及其在微电子器件制造中成功的应用。     

光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配与混合光刻技术

介绍如何实现光学和电子束曝光系统之间的匹配和混合光刻的技术，包括：(1）光学曝光系统与电子束曝光系统的匹配技术；(2）投影光刻和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术；(3）接触式光刻机和JBX-5000LS混合曝光技术；(4）大小束流混合曝光技术或大小光阑混合曝光技术；(5）电子束与光学曝光系统混合光刻对准标记制作技术. 该技术已成功地应用于纳米器件和集成电路的研制工作，实现了20nm线条曝光，研制成功了27nm CMOS器件；进行了50nm单电子器件的演试；并广泛地用于100nm化合物器件和其他微/纳米结构的制造.     

电子束光刻技术与图形数据处理技术

介绍了微纳米加工领域的关键工艺技术——电子束光刻技术与图形数据处理技术,包括:电子束直写技术、电子束邻近效应校正技术、光学曝光系统与电子束曝光系统之间的匹配与混合光刻技术、电子束曝光工艺技术、微光刻图形数据处理与数据转换技术以及电子束邻近效应校正图形数据处理技术。重点推荐应用于电子束光刻的几种常用抗蚀剂的主要工艺条件与参考值,同时推荐了可以在集成电路版图编辑软件L-Edit中方便调用的应用于绘制含有任意角度单元图形和任意函数曲线的复杂图形编辑模块。     

电子束曝光技术发展概况

电子束曝光技术是近30年来发展起来的一门新兴技术,它集电子光学、精密机械、超高真空、计算机、自动控制等近代高新技术于一体,是推动微电子技术和微细加工技术进一步发展的关键技术之一,电子束曝光技术已成为一个国家整体技术水平的象征。先进的电子束曝光机主要用于0.1～0.5微米的超微细加工,甚至可以实现纳米线条的曝光。电子束曝光技术广泛地应用于高精度掩膜、移相掩膜及X射线掩膜制造;新一代集成电路的研究及ASIC的开发;新器件、新结构     

SAL601负性电子束抗蚀剂纳米级集成电路加工

讨论了采用SAL601负性化学放大电子束抗蚀剂进行电子束曝光应用于纳米级集成电路加工的实验方法与工艺条件.经过大量实验总结,通过变剂量模型对电子束曝光中电子散射参数进行提取,应用于邻近效应校正软件,针对集成电路曝光图形进行邻近效应校正.校正后的曝光图形经过曝光实验确定显影时间及曝光剂量,最终得到重复性良好的,栅条线宽为70nm的集成电路曝光图形.     

电子束曝光控制软件系统设计与实现

电子束曝光系统作为复杂半导体加工设备,需要功能强健的控制软件系统来保证其正常运行.介绍了具有自主版权的EB(electron beam)writer电子束曝光控制软件系统,它由版图绘制模块、对准控制模块和曝光控制模块组成,利用VC 6.0开发环境实现.实验结果表明.该软件系统可实现微光刻及微纳加工版图的绘制编辑和电子束曝光全过程的控制,且具有可扩展性,特别适用于各种由电子显微镜升级改造的电子束曝光系统.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.