超高硬度纳米复合薄膜Ti-Si-N结构的研究进展

综述了Ti-Si-N超硬纳米复合薄膜结构形式的研究进展.介绍了研究者对Si原子在Ti-Si-N中形成的晶界是否为晶态的认识与研究,阐述了Si原子在Ti-Si-N中所形成的界面结构形式的研究现状以及Ti-Si-N薄膜沉积过程中的形成机制,并展望了Ti-Si-N超硬纳米复合薄膜今后的研究方向.     

微器件用Ni-W合金薄膜热稳定性的研究

研究了低应力柠檬酸胺-1-羟基乙烷二膦酸(HEDP)镀液体系中电流密度、pH值、脉冲参数和热处理条件等对Ni-W合金薄膜硬度的影响.结果表明,电镀工艺条件对硬度提高有限,热处理对Ni-W合金薄膜的硬度有明显提高.同时研究对比了沉积态及550℃热处理后Ni和Ni-W硬度、干摩擦条件下耐磨性以及微观结构的变化.实验发现:多晶的Ni薄膜经过热处理后,晶粒尺寸显著长大,硬度、耐磨性约下降2/3;而Ni-W合金薄膜经过热处理后,微观结构由非晶转变成纳米晶,薄膜仍保持良好的耐磨性,硬度提高了1倍.Ni-W合金薄膜优异的热稳定性,有望在特殊环境下取代Ni薄膜在MEMS器件上获得应用.     

Si含量对(AlCrTiZrHf)-Six-N高熵薄膜微观结构和力学性能的影响

采用自制的复合靶材,通过直流磁控溅射技术,在单晶Si基片上沉积一系列不同Si含量的(AlCrTiZrHf)-Si_x-N高熵薄膜,并依次采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和纳米压痕仪对薄膜进行表征和测试,研究Si含量对其微观结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果显示,(AlCrTiZrHf)N薄膜成柱状晶生长,并具有(111)晶面的择优取向。Si元素的掺入,使得原薄膜的(111)峰消失,(AlCrTiZrHf)-Si_x-N薄膜晶粒得到细化,同时生成网状非晶相,从而形成非晶包裹纳米晶的纳米复合结构。随着Si含量的增加,薄膜力学性能先上升后下降,这种趋势归因于所形成的纳米复合结构,并且当Si含量为8%(体积比)时,薄膜的硬度和弹性模量最高,分别为26.6和250.9 GPa。     

工艺参数对Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2纳米复合薄膜材料微观组织及性能的影响

通过Ni,W,P和CeO2,SiO2纳米颗粒的脉冲共沉积,在普通碳钢表面制备了Ni-W-P-CeO2-SiO2纳米复合薄膜材料,研究了电解液pH值和电解液温度对纳米复合薄膜材料电沉积过程的影响,采用化学组成、沉积速率、显微硬度和微观组织进行表征.结果表明:增加电解液pH值和电解液温度,纳米复合材料晶粒得到细化,沉积速率和显微硬度增加.当电解液pH值为5.5、电解液温度为60℃时,纳米复合薄膜材料晶粒细小,沉积速率最快,为28.87μm/h,显微硬度最高,为Hv673,若继续增加电解液pH值和电解液温度,沉积速率和显微硬度又开始降低.     

特种化学气相沉积法制备大面积纳米硅薄膜的微结构和电学性能研究

采用可与Si平面工艺兼容的特殊设计的化学气相沉积系统在玻璃衬底上制备了大面积的纳米Si薄膜.高分辨率电子显微镜和选区电子衍射分析表明,成膜温度对薄膜微结构有关键影响,衬底温度的升高促进了薄膜晶态率的提高和Si晶粒的长大.660℃成膜时非晶Si薄膜基体中镶嵌了尺寸为8～12nm,晶态率为50%的纳米Si晶粒,具有明显的纳米Si薄膜微结构特征.用变温薄膜暗电导率测试系统研究表明,随成膜温度的升高,薄膜的晶态率提高、室温暗电导率提高而相应的电导激活能降低,用热激活隧道击穿机制解释了纳米Si薄膜微结构与特殊电学性能的关系.研究了原位后续热处理对薄膜微结构和电学性能的影响,发现延长热处理时间以及采用低温成膜、高温后续退火的热处理方法能有效提高纳米Si薄膜的晶态率,进而提高其室温暗电导率.     

磁控溅射Ti-Si-N纳米复合超硬膜的研究

传统的TiN膜具有硬度高、耐磨、耐腐蚀及其他优良的性能,在刀具、工磨具等已经有了广泛的应用。随着科技的发展,近年来许多科技工作者都企图采用多种方法来进一步改善TiN薄膜,其中包括添加Al,Si,C,B等合金元素至TiN膜中,以改善起组织结构和性能。自从S.Veprek首先报道采用CVD的方法制备Ti-Si-N纳米复合膜后,由于Ti-Si-N膜具有nc-TiN/a-Si_3N_4组织结构,即纳米尺寸的TiN嵌镶在非晶Si_3N_4基体中,Ti-Si-N类纳米复合超硬膜以其高硬度、耐磨性、优良的热稳定性和化学稳定性引起了人们的普遍关注。采用钛硅复合靶,通过控制反应磁控溅射的各工艺参数制得了一系列Ti-Si-N膜,并借助能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、纳米压入仪和划痕仪对膜层的成分、结构和力学性能进行了分析。结果发现,可方便地通过改变氮气分压的方法来调整Ti、Si元素含量比、微观组织结构及力学性能。少量氮气的加入能制得纳米硬度高达53GPa的Ti-Si-N超硬膜,而随着氢气分压的增加,膜层中TiN相和Si_3N_4相的比例减小,纳米硬度逐渐下降,同时,TiN晶粒的平均尺寸也逐渐减少。     

纳米晶NbMoTaW难熔高熵合金薄膜力学性能及其热稳定性

目的研究高熵合金薄膜的形貌、结构、力学性能和热稳定性,并探究其潜在的应用价值。方法选取不同厚度的纳米晶NbMoTaW难熔高熵合金薄膜作为研究对象,通过直流磁控溅射制备薄膜样品,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)进行薄膜形貌观测,利用能谱分析仪(EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD),对薄膜成分和结构进行分析,采用高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)观测内部结构,利用纳米压痕仪和真空退火炉进行力学性能和热稳定性的检测。结果 NbMoTaW高熵合金薄膜为单相BCC结构,表面形貌和晶粒尺寸随薄膜厚度的变化而变化,随着薄膜厚度的减小,其硬度先增加后减小,在膜厚为250 nm时出现最大值(16.0 GPa)。薄膜经过800℃、2 h的真空退火后,晶粒尺寸没有明显长大,同时硬度也没有明显下降,呈现出良好的热稳定性。结论成功制备出热稳定性优异的纳米晶NbMoTaW难熔高熵合金薄膜,并通过调控薄膜的厚度来改变晶粒尺寸,从而研究高熵合金薄膜结构与性能之间的联系。     

Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜的研究进展

TiN存在高温氧化不良、固有脆性等缺点。将硅混合到TiN网络中,形成Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜,此纳米多层膜的硬度有了显著的提高。Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜是一类有着广阔应用前景的新材料,它在涂料、航空航天工业、电子器件等众多领域都有着广泛的应用。尤其在硬质合金刀具领域,较高的硬度、较好的耐磨性和韧性能够延长刀具的使用寿命。Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜制备方法有物理气相沉积和化学气相沉积两大类。物理气相沉积法是原材料在腔体的一端蒸发,然后沉积在腔体另一端较冷的基体上的方法。化学气相沉积在高温下发生化学反应,使钛、硅、氮原子发生重新组合,在基体表面生成Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜。与物理气相沉积方法相比,化学气相沉积方法需要的温度更高,并且化学反应中存在SiH 4等危险性气体,不适合大规模工业生产。Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜的性能主要受Si含量、调制周期和热处理温度等影响。随着Si含量的增加,纳米多层膜的性能先增强后减弱,Si含量在2.76%(质量分数)时,纳米多层膜硬度最大,摩擦系数最小。不同调制周期的多层膜性能优于单层膜,调制周期为0.7 nm时,纳米多层膜硬度达到28.7 GPa,弹性模量为301.1 GPa。随着退火温度的升高,纳米多层膜的附着性先增强后减弱,温度在800～950℃时,纳米多层膜硬度达到(49.7±0.83) GPa,结合力为83 N。纳米多层膜有超硬性,耐磨性和耐高温氧化性。对于纳米多层膜的超硬性,不同学者提出了不同的强化理论:交变应力场、模量差和Hall-petch强化理论;通过摩擦磨损实验可以判断纳米多层膜的磨损机制;在TiN中加入Si,生成的Ti-Si-N纳米多层膜具有耐高温氧化性。     

氧杂质致Ti-Si-N薄膜高硬度损失的机理

基于纳米复合Ti-Si-N薄膜硬度对界面相微结构及微尺度变化极为敏感的实验事实,定量表征了薄膜的硬度与氧杂质含量的关系.结果表明,与高纯度薄膜40-55 GPa高硬度比较,1%-1.5%的氧杂质含量导致薄膜的硬度下降到30 GPa左右.根据纳米晶界面原子模型和实验结果,氧杂质与纳米尺度界面交互作用所引发的微尺度缺陷是硬度下降的诱因,晶界面的氧杂质密度是薄膜高硬度损失程度的决定因素,单个纳米晶周围的氧杂质覆盖度达到10个原子以上时,薄膜的硬度只能达到30 GPa.     

磁约束电感耦合等离子体增强反应溅射沉积nc-TiN/a-Si3N4纳米复合薄膜

介绍一种新型磁束缚电感耦合等离子体增强的物理化学气相沉积复合系统，并用该系统通过反应磁控溅射TiSi合金靶，在氩气和氮气等离子体作用下，在单晶硅衬底上制备了nc—TiN／a—Si3N4纳米复合薄膜．扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子谱仪和高分辨率透射电子显微镜的分析和观察结果清晰地表明该薄膜是具有纳米结构的复合薄膜，主要由镶嵌在非晶态Si3N4基体中的TiN纳米晶粒组成，TiN晶粒的尺寸约为3nm。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.