自组装多肽水凝胶对百里香精油的控释作用、抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用

为实现百里香精油的控制释放并延长其抑菌和抗氧化效果,本实验利用N-芴甲氧羰基-L-苯丙氨酸(N-FMoc-L-phenylalanine,Fmoc-F)水凝胶包埋百里香精油,对比包埋前后Fmoc-F水凝胶的结构、形态等特征,研究其对百里香精油的包埋机制、控释作用及包埋后Fmoc-F对百里香精油抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用。结果表明:百里香精油的加入可以加速Fmoc-F/百里香精油水凝胶(50 s)的形成,并且显著提高胶体的储能模量;Fmoc-F及Fmoc-F/百里香精油水凝胶主要通过氢键作用形成胶体,其微观结构为纤维状网络结构,且百里香精油可以使Fmoc-F水凝胶的网络结构更紧密均匀,从而提高其胶体的储能模量。Fmoc-F水凝胶对百里香精油的包埋率达93.13%。通过抑菌实验和抗氧化实验发现,在环境p H≥6.5时,Fmoc-F水凝胶可通过包埋有效抑制百里香精油的挥发,而随着环境p H值的降低,Fmoc-F水凝胶会缓慢分解,释放百里香精油,起到对百里香精油抑菌和抗氧化效果的延长作用。     

丁香精油—壳聚糖纳米胶囊的制备及表征

为提高丁香精油在生产加工过程中的稳定性,降低其对食品感官品质的不良影响,采用离子凝胶法,以壳聚糖为壁材制备丁香精油—壳聚糖纳米胶囊,研究制备条件对纳米胶囊包埋率及粒径的影响并优化工艺,采用多种方法对所制备纳米胶囊的性能进行检测分析。结果表明:在最优制备条件下,即壳聚糖溶液pH值4.5、丁香精油与壳聚糖质量比0.81.0、壳聚糖与三聚磷酸钠质量比51,所制备纳米胶囊包埋率为40.2%,平均粒径为175nm。利用纳米胶囊技术对丁香精油进行包埋可有效提高丁香精油在食品加工中的稳定性,扩大其在食品工业中的应用范围。     

丁香精油微胶囊工艺优化及其对冰温猪肉保鲜效果的影响

为克服丁香精油在保鲜应用中易挥发、难溶于水的缺点,采用复凝聚法制备丁香精油微胶囊,以包埋率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法优化包埋工艺,并将丁香精油微胶囊应用于冰温猪肉的保鲜。结果表明,所得回归模型具有高度显著性(p<0.0001),方程对试验拟合较好,在CaCl₂浓度12 g/L,壁芯比7:1 (m/m),复合壁材比(海藻酸钠-壳聚糖)0.8:1 (m/m),包埋时间47 min的条件下,制得的丁香精油微胶囊包埋率最高为84.20%,与预测包埋率相对误差小于5%;用该条件制备的丁香精油微胶囊处理冷却猪肉,冰温下对照组猪肉可保鲜9 d,空芯组可保鲜21 d,精油组可保鲜27 d,表明丁香精油微胶囊可显著延长冰温猪肉的保鲜期(p<0.05)。     

自组装多肽水凝胶包埋大蒜精油的控释研究

研究Fmoc–F自组装多肽水凝胶对大蒜精油的包埋作用、控释特性和稳定作用。结果表明:该水凝胶对大蒜精油的包埋率可达到97.07%;当p H≥6.5时,包埋大蒜精油后的水凝胶结构分解率不高于12.17%,可提高大蒜精油的稳定性;当5p H6.5时,凝胶结构部分分解;当p H≤5.0时,凝胶结构迅速分解,快速释放大蒜精油抑制大肠杆菌的生长;感官评价表明Fmoc–F水凝胶可显著掩盖大蒜精油的不良气味。     

不同壁材丁香精油微胶囊保鲜剂性能研究

采用饱和水溶液法,以β-环糊精和壳聚糖为壁材,丁香精油为芯材与壁芯比为4∶1制备3种丁香精油微胶囊保鲜剂,并对三种组合壁材微胶囊保鲜剂的表面形态、光照稳定性、包埋率、缓释效果以及抑菌效果进行测定,结果表明β-环糊精丁香精油微胶囊的包埋率最高,为67%;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的光照稳定性最好,丁香精油损失率仅为32.67%;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的缓释效果最好;β-环糊精-壳聚糖丁香精油微胶囊1的抑菌圈直径最大(38.5±0.40 mm)。综合考量得β-环糊精-壳聚糖1为壁材制得的丁香精油微胶囊性能最好。     

燕麦蛋白-结冷胶冷诱导凝胶微观结构与控释特性的关联性研究

热变性后的燕麦蛋白(oat protein isolate,OPI)与结冷胶(gellan gum,GG)通过添加不同浓度的葡糖酸-δ-内酯(glucono-delta-lactone,GDL)形成OPI-GG冷诱导凝胶,通过质构分析、扫描电子显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜以及傅里叶红外光谱,研究不同条件下形成的凝胶微结构以及分子构象的变化,探究不同凝胶微结构与凝胶控释特性的关联性。结果表明,在GG添加量为0.1%、pH 5时,凝胶硬度最大,随着GG浓度升高,凝胶硬度逐渐变弱。通过扫描电镜和激光共聚焦的观察可知OPI-GG凝胶可形成两种网络微结构,在pH 4和pH 5时,OPI与GG之间由于静电引力使其相互作用力增强,形成致密且均匀的单网络微结构;在pH 6和pH 7时,OPI与GG由于静电斥力的作用产生相分离,从而形成双网络结构。具有不同微结构的OPI-GG凝胶可作为基质包埋核黄素,双网络结构的凝胶可有效提高核黄素的包埋率(75%),其在pH 1.2磷酸缓冲溶液(phosphate buffer saline,PBS)中浸泡2 h后核黄素的释放率为33%;致密的单网络结构OPI-GG凝胶包埋率为61%,在pH1.2 PBS中可有效阻止核黄素的释放,其释放率为18%,并在pH 7.4 PBS中使核黄素逐步释放,8 h后释放率为53%。该研究结果表明,在中性条件下制备的OPI-GG双网络结构冷凝胶具有较好的核黄素包埋能力,在酸性条件下制备的OPI-GG单网络冷凝胶具有较好的控释能力,因此,不同微结构的OPI-GG冷凝胶具有作为营养素包埋和递送体系的潜力。     

丁香精油抑菌及抗氧化作用研究

利用超临界CO2萃取法从丁香中提取精油,研究测定了丁香精油对各种供试菌种的抑菌圈直径,加热处理及pH对丁香精油抑菌效果的影响,同时研究了丁香精油的抗氧化效果。结果表明:丁香精油对各供试菌种的抑菌圈直径在18.0～38.2mm之间,表明丁香精油对G+和G-细菌、霉菌和酵母均有很强的抑制作用;丁香精油的抑菌效果随pH的降低而增强;121℃/15min加热处理对丁香精油的抑菌效果无明显影响;丁香精油还具有一定的抗氧化性能。     

微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取丁香精油的研究

以丁香为原料,分别采用微波法和水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,探讨微波萃取对丁香精油提取率和精油品质的影响。以丁香精油提取率为指标,通过正交试验优化微波提取条件,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法鉴定其化学成分,并与水蒸气蒸馏法提取的精油进行比较。结果表明,微波萃取丁香精油的最佳工艺参数为微波功率300 W、料液比1∶4(m∶V)、微波时间25s、提取次数4,该条件下精油的提取率可达到20.65%,远远高于水蒸气蒸馏法的11.33%;从该精油中鉴定出19种成分,其中3种丁香精油有效成分的得率分别为丁香酚13.2%、石竹烯4.4%、乙酰基丁香酚2.2%,石竹烯和乙酰基丁香酚得率分别是水蒸气蒸馏精油的2.8倍和2倍。微波萃取是丁香精油较有效的提取方式。     

丁香精油纳米胶囊对冷藏调理猪肉饼品质的影响

本实验采用离子凝胶法,以壳聚糖为壁材制备丁香精油纳米胶囊,主要研究了丁香精油纳米胶囊的物理特性及其对调理猪肉饼（4±1）℃冷藏期间菌落总数、脂肪氧化、色泽、pH值、高铁肌红蛋白质量分数以及感官品质的影响。结果表明：丁香精油纳米胶囊的平均粒径为254.7?nm,ζ-电势为35.4?mV,多分散指数为0.33;精油的释放曲线呈现初始的快速增加阶段,随后累积释放率缓慢增加,直到108?h才停止释放;丁香精油可以抑制猪肉饼脂质氧化和微生物腐败,但具有较强烈的精油味道且对猪肉饼护色效果不佳,随着冷藏时间的延长,其抗氧化和抗菌活性下降;添加丁香精油纳米胶囊显著抑制了猪肉饼脂质氧化和微生物生长,并使猪肉饼具有较高的红色稳定性,且对猪肉饼冷藏期间的感官指标没有不良影响。结论：丁香精油纳米胶囊可作为新型纳米保鲜剂延长猪肉饼冷藏期间的货架期。     

植物复合精油对5种稻谷霉变优势菌株抑菌作用研究

为了研究天然植物精油(百里香、丁香、肉桂)对霉变稻谷的抑菌效果,以5种稻谷霉变优势菌株为受试菌,以霉菌抑菌圈直径大小和最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为指标,通过混料设计方法建立复合精油抑菌模型,结合方差分析得到抑菌效果最佳的植物精油配比。研究结果表明,单一精油抑菌活性对亮白曲霉（A. candidus）,杂色曲霉（A. versicolor）和聚多曲霉（A. sydowii）为肉桂精油>丁香精油>百里香精油;对稻黑孢霉（N. oryzae）为肉桂精油=丁香精油>百里精香油;对布罗克青霉菌（P. brocae）为丁香精油=百里香精油<肉桂精油。当肉桂精油:丁香精油:百里香精油的体积比为55.2%︰26.9%︰17.9%时,3种植物精油对5种菌株抑制效果最佳,复合抑制值大于90.9%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.