基于多传感器集成的仿人机器人足部感知系统

足部是仿人机器人本体支撑的基础,也是唯一与地面接触并发生相互作用的主要部件,其各种地面信息获取能力是机器人实现仿人的自然性稳定行走控制的关键.基于六维力传感器、惯量测量单元和柔性触觉阵列传感器,设计了一种新型仿人机器人集成化足部感知系统(IPFS).具备对各种地面环境识别和足部姿态获取、足底与外界接触位置的实时感知和估...     

ADXL203型双轴加速计在机器人足部感知系统中的应用

仿人机器人要实现在复杂环境下稳定行走,仅仅依靠地面反力信息远不能满足应用要求,此时足部的倾角信息显得更为重要。脚面倾角可以反映地面倾斜状态,是仿人机器人稳定控制的一个重要依据。利用ADXL203双轴加速度传感器与DSP(TMS3202811)实现对倾角信息的实时高速采集与处理,并通过实验证明了倾角传感器在机器人足部感知系统中是可行的。     

仿人机器人上下楼梯稳定行走控制策略

提出了仿人机器人上下楼梯稳定行走控制策略.首先引入了虚拟零力矩点的概念,然后推导了上下楼梯稳定区域和稳定裕量的计算方法,如果ZMP点在稳定区域内,则采用基于ZMP在线调整控制方案,提高稳定性.如果FZMP点在稳定区域外,则采用基于FZMP调节控制策略,及时修正行走轨迹,使仿人机器人获得新的稳定区域,恢复稳定.仿真结果表明了该控制策略的正确可行.     

仿人机器人双足行走模型研究

针对仿人机器人双足行走的稳定性问题,引入零力矩点理论,根据稳定行走必须满足地面反作用力位于稳定区域内这个条件,推导出仿人机器人在行走过程中单双腿支撑期的稳定区域面积和稳定裕量。建立2种不同形状的仿人机器人双足模型,在足底和地面间创建一系列接触力,并通过机械系统动力学自动分析软件得到行走过程中足底各个点的受力曲线并进行受力分析,得出合理的双足形状。     

基于虚拟黏弹性肌肉模型的仿人机器人不平整地面稳定行走

复杂未知环境下,仿人机器人在行走过程中难以获取精确的地面信息,导致规划的落脚点与实际落脚位置之间存在误差,这会对机器人的平衡造成严重的干扰.针对该问题,提出了模拟人体肌肉黏弹性的虚拟肌肉模型,并基于该模型设计了仿人机器人在不平整地面上的稳定行走控制方法.首先,从仿生角度出发,扩展传统肌肉模型,构建了具有伸缩功能的虚拟肌肉模型,并对其黏弹性进行了分析.然后,基于该模型,采用LQR(线性二次型调节器)方法设计了虚拟肌肉伸缩长度与伸缩力的控制方法.最后,基于足部力传感器信息反馈,将该模型应用于仿人机器人行走过程中抬脚高度的调节,使仿人机器人能够适应未知复杂环境中地面高度的突变,或在机器人传感器系统获取的地面信息与实际情况相差很大的情况下实现稳定行走.结果表明,该算法可以使仿人机器人在高度差为6 cm以内的不平整地面上实现1.8 km/h的稳定行走.基于BHR-6P平台的行走仿真验证了该算法的有效性.     

仿人机器人足部姿态实时感知系统

针对复杂环境下仿人机器人稳定控制的要求,设计了基于MEMS惯性传感器的仿人机器人足部姿态实时感知系统.同时,提出了基于惯性传感器和足部力传感器信息的系统累积误差校正方法,用于解决由于噪声、漂移和积分算法而带来的累积误差问题.该系统能够实时精确的输出仿人机器人的足部姿态信息,为仿人机器人的稳定控制提供关键依据.该校正方法能够有效的消除系统的累积误差,提高系统的测量精度.最后在仿人机器人BHR-2上对该系统的可行性和有效性进行了实验验证.     

双足机器人稳定行走的仿人预测控制研究

针对双足机器人的稳定行走,提出了一种新的仿人预测控制在线步行模式生成方法。把期望零力矩点（ZMP）分解成离线规划好的参考ZMP和实时变化的可变ZMP之和,通过预测控制和其逆系统共同作用对质心运动进行控制,从而生成具有自适应性的步行模式。但单一的预测控制系统对诸如矩形齿状扰动的可变ZMP的跟踪存在较大的误差,结合仿人智能控制对误差的强抑制能力,设计了与预测控制相结合的仿人预测控制系统。仿真实验验证对矩形齿状扰动的可变ZMP,仿人预测系统也能实现较好的跟踪。     

仿人机器人稳定步行控制研究

介绍了仿人机器人运动控制研究现状,通过对步行机器人稳定性判据ZMP分析,提出通过控制踝关节转动角度来调节ZMP的位置,以保证机器人行走的稳定性．根据模糊控制理论,设计出步行机器人踝关节二维模糊控制系统及模糊控制器．仿真结果表明步行机器人能够通过控制踝侧向关节的相对转动调节ZMP点的位置,实现机器人的稳定步行．     

基于接触力信息的仿人机器人ZMP测量系统

针对现有仿人机器人零力矩点(ZMP)测量系统的力/力矩传感器不直接触地导致不能充分反映脚底各部位受力的问题,设计了一种基于地面接触力信息的具有传感器阵列的ZMP测量系统。介绍了传感器信号多级放大、采集及处理的软硬件系统,应用CAN总线接口实现了与外部上位机的通信。所设计的系统已应用于实际仿人机器人。步行实验表明:该系统能有效完成步行中ZMP的实时测量和脚底各部位受力信息的实时采集、计算与通信,简单易实现。     

基于关键帧相似性的仿人机器人步态规划

为解决传统步态规划方法运算量大、运行时间长的问题,提出一种基于关键帧相似性的仿人机器人步态规划方法,通过对步态关键帧的相似性度量、髋关节的规划、零力矩点(ZMP)的实时校正,实现仿人机器人曲线行走步态的在线调整,调整后的步态能够较好地逼近实际ZMP曲线。实践结果表明,该方法在降低运算量的同时较好解决了仿人机器人的步态稳定及快速规划问题,并且可以减少步态选择不理想时的时间消耗。     

Real-time continuous ZMP pattern generation of a humanoid robot using an analytic method based on capture point

This paper introduces an analytic method to generate a continuous ZMP pattern based on a capture point (CP). When a target CP is decided in real-time, the pattern generator makes the CP, ZMP, which it is within convex hull of the supporting feet area, and CoM patterns without discontinuity by closed-form solutions for a single step. Therefore, the proposed pattern generation method does not need a ZMP pattern modification, numerical iterations, and future ZMPs. The method is employed to treat applications such as step length change while walking and push recovery during walking in place. Furthermore, since compliant characteristics such as body oscillation appear in the humanoid robot, we introduce a system model, a double inverted pendulum model with flexible joints for the model-based control. Finally, the real-time walking pattern generation method and the walking control scheme are verified by experiments with the humanoid robot HUBO2.     

A walking pattern generation method of humanoid robot MAHRU-R

This paper proposes an omni-directional walking pattern generation method for a humanoid robot MAHRU-R. To walk stably without falling down, a humanoid robot needs the walking pattern. Our previous walking pattern method generated the walking pattern with linear polynomials of the zero moment point (ZMP). It implemented the simple walking like forward/backward walking, side step walking and turning. However, this method was not sufficient to satisfy the various walking which is combined by forward/backward walking, side step walking and turning. We needed to upgrade the walking pattern generation method to implement an omni-directional walking. We use the linear inverted pendulum model consisted of ZMP and center of mass in order to simplify the computation of walking pattern. The proposed method assumes that the state of the following stride is same to the state of the current stride. Using this assumption of walking pattern, the proposed method generates the stable walking pattern for various walking. And the proposed scheme generates the ZMP trajectory with the quartic polynomials in order to reduce the fluctuation of ZMP trajectory by various walking. To implement the efficient walking pattern, this method proposes three walking modules: periodic step module, transient step module and steady step module. Each step module utilizes weighted least square method with future ZMP position information. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations of various walking. And the proposed method is confirmed by the experiment of real humanoid robot MAHRU-R.     

基于三维线性倒立摆的仿人机器人步态规划

为了实时调整仿人机器人的步态,提出一种仿人机器人的步态生成方法。把机器人运动简化为三维线性倒立摆运动模式,通过预先规划好的零力矩点(ZMP)轨迹,根据质心(CoM)和ZMP的关系,求出CoM轨迹;再将前向步态和侧向步态简化为七连杆结构和五连杆结构,利用三角定理求出各个关节的角度,结合ZMP方程讨论了行走过程中的稳定性。利用给定的条件进行了系统的仿真,并结合实际系统及其运行状况进行分析,验证了所提出规划方法的有效性。     

Modifiable Walking Pattern of a Humanoid Robot by Using Allowable ZMP Variation

In order to handle complex navigational commands, this paper proposes a novel algorithm that can modify a walking period and a step length in both sagittal and lateral planes. By allowing a variation of zero moment point (ZMP) over the convex hull of foot polygon, it is possible to change the center of mass (CM) position and velocity independently throughout the single support phase. This permits a range of dynamic walking motion, which is not achievable using the 3-D linear inverted pendulum mode (3D-LIPM). In addition, the proposed algorithm enables to determine the dynamic feasibility of desired motion via the construction of feasible region, which is explicitly computed from the current CM state with simple ZMP functions. Moreover, adopting the closed-form functions makes it possible to calculate the algorithm in real time. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through both computer simulation and experiment on the humanoid robot, HanSaRam-VII, developed at the Robot Intelligence Technology (RIT) laboratory, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST).      

基于全身协调的仿人机器人步行稳定控制

提出利用机器人质心（CoM）雅克比矩阵,实现全身协调补偿的算法。提出机器人的简化模型;分析基于CoM雅克比矩阵的补偿算法;采用CoM/ZMP（零点矩点）、减振和软着陆控制器实时控制双足步行,实现机器人全身协调的稳定控制;通过仿人机器人AFU09的双足步行实验证明该控制方法的有效性。     

考虑综合步行约束的仿人机器人参数化3D 步态规划方法

给出了一种三维环境下双足行走的参数化步态规划方法,建立了仿人机器人13 质量块约束动力学模 型．考虑单腿支撑和双腿支撑无冲击连续切换的六点边界约束条件、可行步态物理约束条件以及ZMP 稳定性约束 条件,以关节输出力矩函数的二次型积分值最小作为优化指标,采用参数化步态优化方法,将复杂关节轨迹的规划 问题转化为分段多项式系数组成的有限参数向量的优化问题,得到了快速和慢速两组光滑无振动的优化步态．仿真 和样机实验验证了该方法的有效性．     

基于测力平台阵列的双足步行机器人实际零力矩点检测

提出一种多维力测力平台阵列系统,通过机器人行走过程中脚部与平台接触力的测量,并根据. vukobratovic关于ZMP的定义,得到机器人行走过程的ZMP实际轨迹信息,为双足步行机器人的稳态行走步态规划提 供参考依据.更进一步,该系统也可以用作双足步行机器人行走过程步态规划的实验平台.     

Position-based impedance control of a biped humanoid robot

This paper describes position-based impedance control for biped humanoid robot locomotion. The impedance parameters of the biped leg are adjusted in real-time according to the gait phase. In order to reduce the impact/contact forces generated between the contacting foot and the ground, the damping coefficient of the impedance of the landing foot is increased largely during the first half double support phase. In the last half double support phase, the walking pattern of the leg changed by the impedance control is returned to the desired walking pattern by using a polynomial. Also, the large stiffness of the landing leg is given to increase the momentum reduced by the viscosity of the landing leg in the first half single support phase. For the stability of the biped humanoid robot, a balance control that compensates for moments generated by the biped locomotion is employed during a whole walking cycle. For the confirmation of the impedance and balance control, we have developed a life-sized humanoid robot, WABIAN-RIII, which has 43 mechanical d.o.f. Through dynamic walking experiments, the validity of the proposed controls is verified.     

仿人机器人动态步行控制综述

综述了仿人机器人动态步行的研究历史和研究现状。归纳了动态步行的特点,分析了动态步行稳定性判定方法,介绍了基于ZMP的姿态稳定判据和基于庞加莱映射（Poincaré Map）的步态稳定判据。总结了仿人机器人学习适应复杂地面环境步行的方法,概述了动态步行控制实现的典型解决方案,指出了动态步行控制中待解决的问题,并探讨了未来的发展方向。