含分布式电源的三相不平衡配电网潮流计算

根据配电网三相不平衡的实际情况,为准确计算各种分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)并入配电网后的潮流问题,文章基于前推回代法,提出了可处理PV和PQ节点模型DG的三相不平衡潮流算法。按照配电网拓扑结构,利用支路分层技术,加快了潮流计算速度。在处理PV节点模型DG时,将电压正序分量幅值作为电压调节参数,计算电压正序分量幅值和额定电压幅值差,得到PV节点的无功补偿量,将DG由PV节点运行模型转换为PQ节点运行模型。IEEE 34节点系统算例结果验证了该算法的正确性。最后,通过分析DG对电压的调节和无功补偿能力,研究了不同类型DG对配电网电压的影响。     

Impacts of load models and power factor control on optimal sizing of photovoltaic distributed generators in a distribution system

This paper studies the impact of optimal sizing of photovoltaic distributed generators (PV‐DGs) on a distribution system using different static load models (i.e., constant power, constant current, and constant impedance) and various power factor (PF) operations. A probabilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation is proposed to obtain the optimal size of PV‐DG. Monte Carlo simulation is applied to predict the solar radiation, ambient temperatures, and load demands. The objective is to minimize average system real power losses, with the power quality constraints not exceeding the limits, i.e. voltage and total harmonic voltage distortion (THDv) at the point of common coupling (PCC). A modified Newton method and a classical harmonic flow method are employed to calculate the power flow and THDv values, respectively. An actual 51‐bus, medium‐voltage distribution system in Thailand is employed as a test case. Results demonstrate that the proposed method performs well to provide the optimal size of PV‐DG based on technical constraints. Further, the results show that the three static load models do not affect the optimal PV‐DG size but the model has a different impact for various PF operations. PV‐DGs may improve the voltage regulation and decrease the losses in distribution systems practically, but the THDv values could increase. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于补偿算法改进的隐式Zbus高斯潮流计算方法

隐式Zbus高斯法由于其高效、可靠的特点广泛应用于放射状和弱环状的配电网潮流计算。该方法适合处理PQ节点和P-Q(V)节点,但是当系统中并入PV节点类型的分布式电源时,它存在潮流发散的问题。为了解决这类问题,提出一种基于补偿法改进的隐式Zbus高斯法。其核心思路是在每一次迭代后,通过节点阻抗矩阵和电压不匹配量对PV节点的无功功率进行修正,从而使PV节点的注入无功功率达到真实值,进而求得潮流收敛的解。该方法被应用到IEEE 33节点配电系统中,通过与基于同伦算法改进的隐式Zbus高斯潮流计算方法进行比较,表明提出的方法收敛性更好,收敛速度更快。此外,PV节点的数量对该方法的收敛性和收敛速度影响不大,表明该方法更适合于含PV节点类型配电网潮流计算。     

不同类型分布式电源在配电网中的优化布置

分布式电源接入配电网后对电网节点电压、网络潮流、网损等方面带来的影响与分布式电源的种类、接入容量及接入位置密切相关。本文基于静态负荷模型,对小水电、光伏发电两种典型分布式电源与储能设备进行了研究。通过分析不同分布式电源的稳态输出特性,将不同分布式电源的出力特征与电力系统中潮流、电压不越限等约束条件相结合,以网损最小为目标函数提出了小水电、光伏发电与储能设备的优化布置函数。结论表明考虑出力差异性后,不同分布式电源的最优布置计算结果具有明显区别,相比将分布式电源当作常规电源出力将更加精确。     

分布式电源并网的配电网改进潮流算法

分布式电源(DG)的并网,不可避免地对配电网运行和安全产生很大影响,因此必须对含DG的配电网潮流进行计算调整.在分析常见的几种DG基础上,给出它们各自在潮流计算中的模型以及处理方法,并提出一种改进型前推回代潮流算法,来计算含DG的配电系统潮流.考虑到前推回代法处理PV节点的能力较差,引入注入无功修正法.此外,分析PV节点型DG无功初值选取对潮流收敛性的影响,以及DG并网对系统电压和网损的影响.设计不同类型DG并网的测试方案,在IEEE 33节点配电网络中反复检验,结果表明该方法是有效的.     

An optimal allocation of distributed generation and voltage control devices for voltage regulation considering renewable energy uncertainty

Distributed generation (DG) may result in voltage fluctuation by changing line flow and reactive power injection, especially DG that generates power from renewable energy resources. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes an optimization process to optimally regulate the system voltage profile to lie close to the desired values by using the adaptive Tabu search (ATS) algorithm. The system voltages will be regulated by using dispatchable DG and voltage control devices, i.e. voltage regulator and capacitor. Moreover, probabilistic load flow calculation by using Monte Carlo simulation is chosen to evaluate the uncertainty of DG powered by renewable energy resources. The number of switching operations of the voltage regulator and capacitor are also accounted for in the optimization constraints, as excessive frequent switching operations can damage these devices. The optimal sizes and locations of dispatchable DGs and capacitors are considered as the optimization variables. The proposed method is demonstrated in an IEEE 34‐bus distribution test system and a modified 21‐bus Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) system (Thailand). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计及分布式电源精确特性的配电网动态无功优化

提出一种精确计及分布式电源DG特性的配电网动态无功优化的有效方法。根据不同类型DG的运行控制方式,用二阶锥松弛适当处理PQ、PV、PI和PQ(V)4种类型DG的并网潮流约束,将非凸的交流潮流方程近似地转化为凸的二阶锥约束,并通过设置优化目标函数驱使松弛误差趋近于0,把配电网的动态无功优化问题转化为凸的混合整数二阶锥规划问题。降低求解复杂度,提高优化精度,保证全局最优,保证支路电压、电流安全约束同时考虑储能装置,离散无功补偿电容器作用于配电网的约束。以多时段有功网损最小为优化目标,建立计及分布式电源精确特性的配电网动态无功优化模型,根据调度周期内预测的各时段的DG出力和负荷曲线,以IEEE69节点系统为例进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的有效性。     

Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference Management

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Optimal reactive power control of DGs for voltage regulation of MV distribution systems using sensitivity analysis method and PSO algorithm

This paper addresses the problem of reactive power control of distributed generation (DG) units in the medium voltage (MV) distribution systems to maintain the system voltages within the predefined limits. An efficient approach for the load flow calculation is used here which is based on the topological structure of the network. It has been formulated for the radial distribution systems. A direct voltage sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper which is also based on the topological structure of the network and independent of the network operating points. Thus, the sensitivity matrix is calculated once with the load flow program and it is used in all the system working conditions. The problem of DGs reactive power control is formulated as an optimization problem which uses the sensitivity analysis for linearizing the system around its operating points. The objective of the optimization problem is to return the system voltages inside the permitted range by using the reactive power of DGs in an optimal way. The optimal solutions are obtained by implementing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then, the results are verified by running a load flow considering new values of DGs reactive power. The procedure is repeated as long as a voltage violation is observed. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm is capable of keeping the system voltages within the permitted limits.     

考虑电能质量的分布式电源优化配置

针对大量电力电子设备投入电网造成严重电能质量问题的现状,提出考虑谐波畸变和电压暂降损失的分布式电源(Distributed Generator,DG)优化配置方法。该方法以DG配置成本、有功损耗、电压暂降损失最小为目标函数,并在满足配网潮流等式和不等式约束的基础上增加谐波畸变限值的约束条件,建立多目标优化模型,最后采用非劣排序遗传算法(Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II,NSGA-II)求得最优配置方案。通过IEEE 33节点配电网络对此配置算法进行仿真验证,结果证明该方法得到的DG配置方案可有效降低谐波畸变率、暂降损失及网络损耗。     

Coordination of PV Inverters and Voltage Regulators Considering Generation Correlation and Voltage Quality Constraints for Loss Minimization

Abstract

Distributed generation sources (DGs) are widely considered as important sources of power generation in distribution systems during the last few decades. Despite the substantial benefits of DGs, increasing the penetration level of the DGs can cause dramatic voltage magnitude fluctuations. Coordination of the use of dynamic reactive power sources such as photovoltaic (PV) inverters and voltage control equipment can mitigate rapid voltage magnitude fluctuations. A coordinated volt-var control method is proposed herein to achieve the optimal expected performance (e.g., system losses) while considering the spatial correlation among PV source powers and constraining the variability of voltage magnitudes throughout the distribution network within permissible ranges. The proposed strategy formulates chance constraints on the voltage magnitude and considers the uncertainty of PV power injections over the interval of interest to maintain voltage magnitudes within acceptable limits. The proposed method has been tested on the IEEE 123-node radial distribution system for validation. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively mitigate the fast voltage magnitude deviations with an acceptable reduction in system losses in the presence of intermittent renewable resources.     

Influence of phasor adjustment of harmonic sources on the allowable penetration level of distributed generation

Harmonic distortion caused by increasing size of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) can give rise to power quality problems in distribution power networks. Therefore, it is very important to determine allowable DG penetration level by considering the harmonic related problems. In this study, an optimization methodology is proposed for maximizing the penetration level of DG while minimizing harmonic distortions considering different load profiles. The methodology is based on updating the voltage magnitude and angle at point of common coupling depending on the size of DG to be utilized in the harmonic power flow modeling. The harmonic parameters are determined by using decoupled harmonic power flow method, in which the harmonic source modeling with harmonic current spectrum angle adjustment is embedded, while the nonlinear loads and inverter-based DGs are connected to the distribution power network. The allowable penetration level of DGs is determined based on power quality constraints including total harmonic voltage distortion, individual harmonic voltage distortion, and RMS bus voltage limits in the optimization framework. Fuzzy-c means clustering method is also applied to decrease the computational effort of the optimization process in the long-term load profile. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network for different scenarios.     

含分布式电源的阻抗化配电网潮流算法

提出了基于阻抗的改进前推回代法,将负荷等效成阻抗,回代过程中遇到分叉点即返回修正,简化了前推过程.总结了各类分布式电源的能源类型和并网接口形式,建立PQ,PI,PQ(V)和PV四种潮流计算模型.PI,PQ(V)节点在潮流迭代中可以转化为PQ节点,等效为恒阻抗模型,PV节点等效为并联补偿电抗.采用不同的DG接入方案,对31节点算例进行测试,研究各类分布式电源对系统的电压支撑作用以及所提算法的收敛性能.     

一种低压微电网中的分布式电压控制算法

为了实现电压调节和提高供电能力,提出了一种在低压微电网中利用分布式电源(Distributed Generators,DGs)发出的有功来进行电压控制的分布式电压算法。针对低压微电网的线路阻抗特性,分析了电压和有功的关系。由系统线路结构建立通信链路,并对电压超出上下限的母线初始化,计算出所需补偿的有功功率。基于本地信息,利用参数化状态转移矩阵对电压进行修正,并考虑了分布式电源的有功容量限制。通过该算法协调和分配各分布式电源所需承担的功率,共同作用实现电压控制。仿真结果表明该算法能够有效实现电压调节和减小电压偏差,提高电压质量。     

考虑多个分布式电源接入配电网的多目标无功优化调度

坚强智能电网的建设促进了分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)并网技术的发展,DG并网对配网进行无功优化不仅能够提高电压质量、降低有功网损,还增加了配网运行的灵活性、经济性与安全性。以系统有功功率损耗最低与电压偏压量最小为双目标函数,建立无功优化模型。针对目前无功优化问题尚缺乏一种能兼顾求解的高效性与全局搜索最优性的方法,文中将一种新的启发式算法-鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)运用到电网无功优化调度中,对多个DG接入的IEEE 33节点系统进行无功优化仿真分析。研究表明DG并网增加了配网的稳定性,并且证明了WOA算法在解决此问题上的鲁棒性和有效性。     

基于动态模式切换的分布式电源电压无功控制方案

本文介绍了一种基于动态模式切换的分布式电源电压无功协调控制方案。该方案以电压和无功功率为判断条件,确定各个设备在不同状态下采用的具体控制模式;各个设备所起到的作用也将随系统状态改变而动态变化。该方法具有以下三种优势:1)最大化DG的无功功率储备;2)在正常操作条件下提供电压调节;3)最小化系统中的实际功率损耗。为验证其有效性,本文以12节点系统为算例在三种场景下对该协调控制方法进行测试。研究结果表明该方法可在保障实际功率损耗最小化和无功功率储备的最大化的前提下,实现电压状况的明显改善。     

一种改进的分布式电源无功功率精确分配下垂控制策略

由于独立运行的微网中馈线阻抗不匹配,采用传统下垂控制策略的分布式电源难以精确地分配输出功率。针对该问题,提出了一种改进的分布式电源无功功率精确分配下垂控制策略。在该策略中,中心控制器采用低带宽通信向各个分布式电源发送交流母线电压偏离补偿信号,分布式电源的本地控制器获取该补偿信号后,通过积分构造出输出电压的幅值参考。采用所提出的下垂控制策略,各分布式电源在实现无功功率精确分配的同时,可以有效消除交流母线的电压降,将母线电压恢复至额定值。仿真结果表明,所提出的改进下垂控制策略在复阻抗特性馈线微网中具有一定的有效性和可行性。     

逆变器参数不匹配微电网改进下垂策略

针对逆变器线路阻抗和逆变器参数不匹配以及本地负载不均衡的微电网系统,提出一种改进的P-V控制策略,该策略计算各个分布式发电单元输出有功功率的平均值,然后将平均值与本地有功功率测量值作差,利用该差值的积分项对输出电压幅值进行补偿,从而实现高精度的功率均分。该方法使系统具有很好的稳定性和动态性能,在复杂的微电网结构中也能得到很好的功率均分效果,能够实现不同功率等级逆变器间功率的精确分配。仿真和实验结果证明了方案的正确性。     

Multi criteria simultaneous planning of passive filters and distributed generation simultaneously in distribution system considering nonlinear loads with adaptive bacterial foraging optimization approach

This paper presents adaptive bacterial foraging optimization (ABFO) algorithm to optimize the planning of passive power filters (PPFs) and distributed generations (DGs) in distribution system with presence of heavy nonlinear load simultaneously. The amount of nonlinear load is assumed to be serious which enforced the system planner to utilize the PPFS. Also the power loss minimization, reliability and voltage profile improvement, and other benefits encouraged the planner to employ the DGs.Some of DG technologies, such as wind generators and solar cells are based on power electronic devices and inverter implementation. Connection of this type of DGs to system produces harmonic. Therefore the utilization of PPFs among existent capacitor busses for harmonic compensation is inevitable. The objective is to minimize the power loss, the total harmonic distortion (THD) and the investment cost of PPFs and DGs simultaneously. Constraints include the voltage limits and the limit candidate buses for PPFs and DGs installation. The harmonic levels of system are obtained by current injections method and the load flow is solved by the iterative method of power sum, which is suitable for the accuracy requirements of this type of study. It is shown that through an economical planning of PPFs and DGs, the total voltage harmonic distortion and active power loss could be minimized simultaneously.     

计及光伏多状态调节能力的配电网多时间尺度电压优化

随着分布式电源的渗透率逐渐增大,其本身所具有的波动性和不确定性给配电网的电能质量及其稳定性带来了巨大挑战.考虑配电网在现有慢动作调节设备难以满足无功电压调节需求的情况下,将改善因光伏随机波动性所引发的电压偏差和波动作为优化目标,提出了一种考虑分布式光伏多运行状态调节能力与传统无功调节设备相协调的配电网多时间尺度无功电压...