激光诱导击穿光谱结合PLS检测土壤中的铅

利用波长1064 nm的Nd∶YAG脉冲激光器获取国家标准土壤中铅元素的诱导击穿等离子体,并用八通道光纤光谱仪采集了样品等离子体光谱。应用多种光谱预处理方法对光谱进行信息提取和分析,比较了光谱的预处理方法对偏最小二乘(PLS)模型定量预测能力的影响。结果表明,采用9点光谱平滑处理和多元散射校正(MSC)预处理的模型质量较好,校正集和预测集的相关系数R分别为0.9981和0.9948,交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为12和17;元素Pb浓度分析测量的结果与标准值的相对偏差在10.5%以内,实验表明LIBS结合PLS建模能满足土壤中微量重金属快速检测的要求。     

基于太赫兹辐射的黄芩苷光谱分析及定量检测

采用太赫兹时域光谱系统测试黄芩苷混合物的光谱,发现黄芩苷混合物在0.3～1.5 THz波段具有明显的吸收特征;采用二维相关光谱(2DCOS)算法进行分析后发现,混合物光谱对外扰变量(黄芩苷的浓度)变化敏感。在光谱分析的基础上分别建立了基于支持向量机(SVM)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)的定量分析模型,采用Kenard-Stone(KS)法选择模型的校准集和验证集,引入相关系数和均方根误差评价建模效果。结果表明:基于支持向量机和偏最小二乘法的定量分析模型的预测数据与实际数据均表现出良好的相关性,并且均方根误差较小,能够实现对黄芩苷的定量检测;SVM模型的预测结果优于PLS模型。研究结果为药物质量检测提供了一种新方法,对药物的质量检测具有重要意义。     

基于主成分回归的土壤重金属LIBS定量分析方法研究

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术结 合主成分分析(PCA )和基于PCA的偏最小二乘回归法(PLSR ),对8种土壤样品进 行分类及Cr元素含量的分析研究。对比分析了不同土壤样品基体元素的特征光谱,利用PCA 对8种土壤样品进行分类,并采用PLSR定量分析不同土壤中Cr元素的含量。研究结果表 明,不同土壤样品中的基体元素特征光谱出现较大差异,8种土壤样品经PCA分析后大致 分为3类;利用PLSR训练模型得到的定标曲线将拟合相关系数提高至0.986,对同一类的 土壤样品Cr的含量预测相对误差小于7.5%,对非同一类土壤样品Cr的预测相对 误差较大。这说明,对待测样品定量分析前,采用PCA对土壤样品分类可以提高对待测样品 重金属元素定量检测的精确度,对建立定量分析模型提供指导。     

激光诱导击穿光谱对蕹菜中Pb元素定量分析研究

果蔬重金属污染日趋严重,急需发展一种绿色快速无损检测技术。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种新兴的快速检测技术,为了验证LIBS检测蔬菜中重金属含量的可行性,以新鲜蕹菜为样品,应用共轴双脉冲LIBS对比分析了有无Pb污染的蕹菜菜叶的特征光谱。实验选取铅405.78 nm处的特征谱线作为分析谱线,对7个样品的发射光谱进行研究,并得到了铅元素真实浓度与其LIBS强度拟合曲线,相关系数为0.9857。定标模型浓度预测的相对误差在0.928%~15.05%之间,平均为8.31%,而高浓度污染的测量相对误差均低于3%。试验结果表明,LIBS用于定量分析蕹菜中重金属元素含量是可行的。     

LIBS检测污染马铃薯中的Pb及偏最小二乘定量分析模型

为了提高农产品中重金属的光学快速检测的精度, 运用偏最小二乘(PLS)法结合激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS) 对马铃薯中的Pb含量进行了定量分析,探讨了数据预处理方法对模型精度的影响。针对 96个污染马铃薯样 品的LIBS数据,分别进行3点到17点平滑处理,然后将平滑后的数据分别进行标准正态 变量变换(SNV)、 多元散射校正(MSC)、均值中心化(MC)、一阶导数(FD)和二阶导数(SD)求导去噪预处理。采 用湿法消解结合原子吸收分光光度 计(AAS)获取样品中Pb元素的真实浓度,选择包含Pb特征谱线的401~417nm波段进行PLS建模,对比分 析模型的相关系数r、交互验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误 差(RMSEP)。结果表明,采用13点平滑、 均值中心化预处理的PLS模型的校准质量和预测效果最好,模型的r、RMSECV和RMSEP分别达到了0.9963、16.4 和11.5,说明选择合适的数据预处理方法能有效提高LI BS检测果蔬产品定量模型的质量。     

基于siPLS的强化生物除磷污泥胞内糖原近红外分析

为了快速、准确地测定强化生物除磷(EBPR)过程中污泥胞内糖原的含量,采用4种预处理方法分别对污泥近红外光谱进行预处理,并结合联合区间偏最小二乘(si PLS)进行变量优选,建立光谱吸光度数据与糖原含量的定量分析模型。结果表明,将一阶S-G(Savitzky-Golay)平滑处理后的光谱等分为20个子区间,联合子区间[10 13 16 19]建立的si PLS模型预测效果最优,预测集的均方根误差(RMSEP)和相关系数(rp)分别达到0.0048、0.9105,且该模型的交互验证和外部验证相对分析误差(RPD)均大于3.0。一阶平滑处理后的光谱si PLS模型预测精度高、建模变量少,可实现糖原含量的快速测定。     

混合水溶液中金属元素的偏最小二乘法激光诱导击穿光谱北大核心CSCD

为提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)对水中重金属元素含量的检测精确度,将LIBS技术分别与单变量定标(SVCC)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析方法相结合,对Cr、Mn、Ca混合水溶液中的金属元素进行了定量分析。利用PLS-LIBS技术研究了样品中共存元素对分析元素的影响,研究结果表明分析元素的检测精确度受共存元素的影响较大,将共存元素与分析元素的分析线强度同时作为PLS模型的输入变量,得到的分析元素浓度总预测相对误差明显减小。利用SVCC-LIBS方法检测Cr、Mn、Ca元素的浓度总预测相对误差分别为14.3%、8.46%、6.35%,而利用PLS-LIBS方法各相对误差分别改善至2.30%、0.74%、0.03%,其中Mn元素的浓度预测相关曲线线性度R 2由SVCC-LIBS方法的0.985改善至0.999,表明PLS-LIBS技术能有效提高混合水溶液中微量金属元素的检测精确度。     

白砂糖色值近红外光谱分析的波段选择

采用近红外漫反射光谱技术和偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立白砂糖色值的定量分析模型.用多元散射校正方法对光谱进行预处理,再用Savitzky-Golay平滑化方法对原谱、一阶导数谱和二阶导数谱进行处理.选取5个波段,每个波段分别采用原光谱、一阶导数谱、二阶导数谱.同时调整Savitzky-Golay平滑点数和PLS因子数,通过多次PLS数值实验比较,按照预测效果确定每个模型的最优平滑点数、因子数,再从中选优.结果表明,采用780～1100nm-阶导数谱的定标效果最好,模型的预测均方根偏差、相对预测均方根偏差分别为11.2,8.91%.780～1100nm可以代替近红外全谱波段(780～2500nm)得到好的定量分析效果,为设计小型专用近红外分析仪器提供依据.     

激光诱导击穿光谱检测牛奶中的Na元素

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术,检测了牛奶样品中的Na元素含量。实验共分析了15个 牛奶样品,其中9个已知样品作为定标样品,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS )建立Na元素定量分析的回归模型;使用另外6个作为待测样品,用以检验模型的定量分析结 果。检测出了6个待测样品中的Na元素含量,其中检验样品中参 考含量和预测含量之间的线性相关度达到0.993,相对误差均在15%以下。检测结果表明,LIBS技术能快速准确地检测牛奶中的Na含 量,表现出较好的应用潜力。     

基于吸光度的波长筛选方法用于近红外光谱定量模型的优化

建立一种基于吸光度的波长筛选方法,以近红外光谱测定中成药制剂的多糖含量为例,对模型优化效果进行验证.考虑模型稳定性,在计算机平台上搭建一种新的样本集划分框架,基于吸光度筛选出最优波段为400~1882&2072~2364 nm,建立偏最小二乘(PLS)模型得到的SEPAve、RP,Ave分别为27.13 mg L-1、0.856,与全扫描谱区(400~2498 nm)的PLS模型预测效果做比较.结果表明,基于吸光度的波长筛选方法,可以优选出高信噪比波长,从而提高了近红外光谱定量模型的性能.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.