放线菌酮诱导胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察

放线菌酮诱导胸腺细胞凋亡的电镜观察黄行许朴英杰乔东访霍霞董武莫孙炼（第一军区大学中心实验室，广州５１０５１５）我们利用放线菌酮处理大鼠（体重１８０－２００ｇ的雌性ＳＤ大鼠，按３ｍｇ／ｋｇ体重腹腔注射放线菌酮），４小时后，用透射电镜观察大鼠胸腺细胞凋亡...     

放线菌酮诱导大鼠肠系膜淋巴结淋巴细胞凋亡的电镜观察

放线菌酮诱导大鼠肠系膜淋巴结淋巴细胞凋亡的电镜观察霍霞黄行许董武陈学清＊乔东访朴英杰（第一军医大学电镜室，＊南方医院消化内科，广州５１０５１５）细胞凋亡（Ａｐｏｐｔｏｓｉｓ）是一种生理性的细胞自我死亡方式，普遍存在于胚胎发育、组织更新、系统成熟等生理...     

γ射线照射大鼠脾脏淋巴细胞凋亡及其和巨噬细胞的关系

本文利用透射电镜和组织化学染色法观察了８００拉德γ线照射大鼠脾脏中淋巴细胞凋亡及其和巨噬细胞的关系。结果表明，γ射线照射后２小时淋巴细胞开始凋亡，照射后４小时亡达到高峰。     

实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎时肝脏的病理形态学观察及肝细胞的凋亡

目的：从实验性急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)早期开始动态观察大鼠肝组织的病理形态学变化,研究肝细胞凋亡的发生情况。方法：胰胆管内逆行注射5％的牛磺胆酸钠,建立大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎模型,通过光镜及电镜观察肝组织的病理形态学变化,用原位末端标记法(TUNEL法)测定大鼠肝细胞发生凋亡的情况。结果：诱导AHNP3h后大鼠肝细胞出现气球样变性,随着疾病的发展损伤加重,肝细胞发生坏死,炎性细胞浸润,并有血栓形成;肝细胞在诱导3h后出现凋亡,且随时间延长,凋亡的数目也增多,肝细胞出现凋亡和坏死并存的现象。     

大鼠外周血大颗粒淋巴细胞的电镜观察

大鼠外周血大颗粒淋巴细胞的电镜观察万美玲张浩洪大蓉（南京铁道医学院电镜室，南京２１０００９）取大白鼠新鲜血液用ＰＥＲＣＯＬＬ梯度分离的方法提取大颗粒淋巴细胞（ＮＫ细胞），根据细胞的不同比重，经过一系列分离程序，将提取的ＮＫ细胞用４％戊二醛固定２小时，...     

He-Ne激光照射引起小鼠胸腺细胞早期凋亡的实验研究

用Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光照射引起离体小鼠胸腺细胞凋亡,利用流式细胞计定量检测ＡｎｎｅｘｉｎＶ－ＦＩＴＣ或Ｒｈ１２３和ＰＩ双标记早期凋亡的胸腺细胞,利用透射电子显微镜对凋亡细胞作形态观察。发现激光照射６０ｍｉｎ（光剂量为４７．６９４～５１．８２２Ｊ／ｃｍ２）,细胞早期凋亡明显增加,随着照射时间延长,光剂量增加,细胞早期凋亡百分率也随之增加,表明胸腺细胞经激光照射后,早期凋亡细胞膜上磷脂酰丝氨酸由质膜内侧外翻至质膜的外表面;同时线粒体功能损失,其跨膜电势下降。     

一株正常人外周血带EB病毒的B淋巴细胞(H—18)的超微结构研究

H—18细胞系由我国一例正常人外周血分离出的B淋巴细胞培养成株。经免疫荧光及免疫酶标光镜检查发现该细胞EB病毒壳抗原(VCA)阳性,如用正丁酸钠及巴豆油等病毒激活剂处理后,大量细胞(30—40％)显示VCA阳性。分离出的病毒可使体外培养细胞转化。用正常H—18细胞为对照,经正丁酸钠(4mM/ml)及巴豆油(500ng/ml)处理H—18后12,24,36,48,72小时的标本用国产DXB 2—12电镜观察。发现正常H—18细胞超微结构与正常人B淋巴细胞有很大差别。大小不一,核很不规则,核比例大,且几全部由常染色质组成。为分化很差或为转化的淋巴细胞。个别细胞内可见EB病毒之核壳体及其形态发生过程,证明该细胞带有EB病毒并进行病毒的复制。经正丁酸钠及巴豆油处理后12小时,部分细胞可见病毒大量复制。随时间的延长逐步增多,至72小     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗根细胞凋亡的影响

采用5mW/mm2 He-Ne激光辐照、10.08kJ/(m2.d)UV-B辐射及二者组合对冬小麦"临优2018"幼苗进行处理,研究各处理组在不同处理天数下细胞凋亡的变化。研究结果显示,增强UV-B辐射能诱导小麦幼苗根尖出现细胞核向中心聚集,并形成凋亡小体等细胞凋亡现象。用流式细胞仪对不同处理组细胞凋亡情况进行定量分析,结果同样证明了增强UV-B处理能增加凋亡的细胞数目,并且在处理第5天时变化最为明显。而经He-Ne激光和UV-B复合处理后,细胞凋亡数目比单独UV-B处理组明显减少,差异极显著。因此认为He-Ne激光在一定程度上缓解了增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗根细胞凋亡的诱导作用。     

脑室内注射链脲佐菌素大鼠海马神经元和突触的超微结构异常

目的:观察侧脑室内重复注射小剂量链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)阿尔茨海默氏病(alzheimer disease,AD)模型大鼠的学习记忆和海马神经元的超微结构改变.方法:采用Morris水迷宫进行行为学测试;取海马CA1区组织制成超薄切片,透射电镜观察.结果:模型组大鼠Morris水迷宫平均游泳时间及平均游泳距离明显延长.海马CA1区神经元出现程度不等的退行性变.细胞核形态不规则.部分核内染色质浓集;胞浆内脂褐素颗粒增多,高尔基囊泡扩张.严重者出现早期细胞凋亡改变.神经毡内可见有髓鞘轴突胞质内脂褐素颗粒明显增多,突触结构异常,突触小泡聚集增多,分布无序.突触后膜胞质面上的致密斑不规则增厚,或断断续续不完整.结论:侧脑室内注射STZ可引起大鼠海马神经元和突触的超微结构病变,导致大鼠学习记忆能力减退.     

激光照射,免疫抑制剂及其配合对免疫细胞的影响

应用３９．７２Ｊ／ｃｍ＾２的Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光连续１４天照射健康大鼠脊背正中线皮肤，并同时分别与亚剂量的免疫抑制剂环孢霉素Ａ，硫唑嘌呤相匹配，观察了它们对Ｔ，Ｂ淋巴细胞数，淋巴细胞转化刺激指数（Ｓ，Ｉ），１０＾６个淋巴细胞ＣＰＭ数的影响，结果表明，大剂量Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光和Ａｚ唑嘌呤均可降低大鼠Ｂ淋巴细胞数，大剂量Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光，环孢霉素Ａ，硫唑嘌呤及激光照射与二者配合，均可使淋巴细胞转化刺激指数（Ｓ，Ｉ     

芪桃片治疗糖尿病鼠周围神经病变的电镜研究

用中药芪桃片对糖尿病鼠周围神经病变进行了实验性研究，利用电子显微镜观察病鼠坐骨神经的超微结构变化。发现病鼠坐骨神经纤维轴索内大多数肿胀的线粒体都恢复正常结构，髓 板层分离，变形和肿胀或萎缩的轴索都明显减少，郎飞结肿胀的结旁区得以改善，雪旺氏细胞内粗面内质肉扩张的现象也消失。     

Mitochondria‐Targeted Small‐Molecule Fluorophores for Dual Modal Cancer Phototherapy

Mitochondria are recognized as the ideal target for cancer treatment because they play a central role in oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. In this work, a mitochondria‐targeted near‐infrared (NIR) photosensitizer (PS) for synchronous cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) is synthesized. This multifunctional small‐molecule PS is developed from a variety of synthesized heptamethine cyanine dyes, which are modified with various N‐alkyl side chains on the lipophilic cationic heptamethine core. It is demonstrated to preferentially accumulate in cancer cells by organic‐anion transporting polypeptide mediated active transport and retain in mitochondria by its lipophilic cationic property. As mitochondria are susceptible to hyperthermia and excessive reactive oxygen species, this new PS integrating PTT and PDT treatment exhibits highly efficient phototherapy in multiple cancer cells and animal xenograft models. Furthermore, this targeted PS with NIR imaging property also enables tumors and their margins clearly visualized, providing the potential for precisely imaging‐guided phototherapy and treatment monitoring. This is the first report that a small‐molecule PS integrates both cancer PTT and PDT treatment by targeting mitochondria, significantly increasing the photosensitization. This work may also present a practicable strategy to develop small‐molecule‐based cancer theranostic agents for simultaneous cancer targeting, imaging, and therapy.     

Two types of the enlargement of mitochondria related to apoptosis: simple swelling and the formation of megamitochondria

Our recent finding that free radical-induced formation of megamitochondria (MG) is followed by apoptosis has prompted us to investigate the correlation between the MG formation and the swelling of mitochondria which is considered to play a key role in early stages of apoptotic processes of the cell. Mitochondria of rat hepatocytes or RL-34 cells and those isolated from rat livers became enlarged up to three times in their diameters when they were exposed to a hypotonic medium. MG induced in the liver of rats placed on a 1% hydrazine-diet for 4-5 days or those induced in the liver of mice placed on a 2% chloramphenicol (CP)-diet for 9-10 days were endowed with a dense matrix whereas those fed with the toxic diets for longer periods of time became enlarged further and their matrix became extremely pale indicating that MG in the latter animals became swollen secondarily. The membrane potential, the content of cytochrome c and the rate of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of MG in the former animals were almost unchanged compared to those of mitochondria in control animals whereas those of MG in the latter animals became distinctly decreased. These results may suggest that free radical-induced MG possibly cause apoptosis via their secondary swelling.     

心肌细胞内SOD定位的电镜观察

利用心肌组织缺氧再灌注方法，已获得心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性定位的证据，是通过Ｂｒｉｇｇｓ等人介绍的铈方法，用电子组化来研究的。羟基过氧化铈的形成作为ＳＯＤ活性的一种指示剂，其结果表明：（１）ＳＯＤ活性位置存在于心肌细胞浆基质及一些线粒体内，而细胞核及其它细胞器内未见同类标记物。（２）羟基过氧化铈可作为心肌细胞内ＳＯＤ的一种定位指示剂。     

线粒体肌病的超微结构观察

线粒体肌病为一少见疾病。本文报告７例,其临床表现可分为两种类型;以四肢骨骼受受侵为主６例;以眼外肌受侵为主１例。７例均进行肌细胞活检,电镜观察显示肌膜下和肌原纤维内线粒体数量明显增多,形态也有改变,线粒体嵴异常,基质内含有晶格状或类晶格状包含体;肌纤维内糖原颗粒及脂滴增加。本文还结合文献对线粒体肌病的诊断标准及病因和发病机制进行了探讨。     

Role of mitochondria in the switch mechanism of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis--studies on rho0 cells

Detailed mechanisms of the switch of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis remain to be solved, although the intracellular level of ATP and that of free radicals have been postulated to be the major factors involved in the mechanisms. In the present study menadione (MEN)-induced cell injury processes were studied using rho0 cells derived from human osteosarcoma 143B cells and parental rho+ cells co-treated with inhibitors of electron transfer chain of mitochondria or oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthesis. Treatment of rho+ cells with 100 microM MEN induced apoptosis, which reached the maximum at 6 h, and was followed by an abrupt decrease thereafter, while necrotic cells (NC) increased continuously when they were judged by Annexin V and PI double staining. On the other hand, MEN induced apoptotic and necrotic changes much faster in rho0 cells compared to rho+ cells. The frequency to find apoptotic cells (AP) in the former cells was distinctly smaller than that to find NC judged by Annexin V and PI double staining. Electron microscopically, a major population of rho0 cells treated with MEN for 6 h consisted of intermediate cells, and a small number of AP co-existed. At 9 h of the treatment intermediate cells were exclusively seen, and AP were hardly detected. When parental rho+ cells were treated with MEN in the presence of oligomycin or oligomycin plus antimycin A both apoptotic and necrotic changes of the cells were distinctly accelerated. The intracellular level of superoxide in rho0 cells continuously increased after the MEN treatment, whereas that of ATP remained distinctly low before and after the MEN treatment compared to that in rho+ cells. These data suggest that the intracellular level of superoxide may be a key factor controlling the switch from apoptosis to necrosis.     

冬枣果实韧皮部及其周围薄壁细胞的超微结构观察和功能分析

利用透射电镜技术,对发育过程中的冬枣果实韧皮部及周围薄壁细胞的超微结构进行了观察研究。结果表明,果实发育早期筛管伴胞复合体与周围薄壁细胞之间存在少量胞间连丝,发育中期胞间连丝数量有所增加,筛分子和伴胞间及韧皮薄壁细胞问存在丰富的胞间连丝,显示了从筛管伴胞复合体卸出到周围薄壁细胞的同化物的卸载路径可能发生了变化。果实发育的各个时期伴胞胞质致密,富含线粒体、内质网和高尔基体,液泡化程度不等;果实发育前期,筛分子伴胞复合体与邻近的薄壁细胞质膜存在囊泡结构,果实韧皮部薄壁细胞胞质中含有丰富的线粒体、内质网、高尔基体、多泡体和小囊泡,到后期线粒体开始降解,显示了伴随果实发育薄壁细胞内的物质代谢和运转功能经历了由活跃到下降的过程。     

A Multifunctional Cationic Pentathiophene: Synthesis,Organelle‐Selective Imaging,and Anticancer Activity

At present, there is an urgent necessity for the discovery of new chemotherapeutic agents with novel molecular skeleton structures that exhibit wide spectrum antitumor activity. In this work, a cationic pentathiophene ( 5T ) is synthesized and discovered to have both anticancer activity and molecular imaging property. 5T can selectively accumulate in mitochondria to exhibit organellar imaging and efficiently induce cell apoptosis associating with JNK pathway activation. Additionally, complexes are prepared through electrostatic interactions between 5T and sodium chlorambucil (a widely used anticancer drug) with varying molar ratios. The complexes form nanoparticles in water with the size of about 50 nm. The 5T ‐chlorambucil nanoparticles enhance anticancer activity by 2–9 fold due to the synergistical anticancer activity of 5T and chlorambucil. 5T is therefore a promising multifunctional anticancer agent that incorporates optical monitoring capability and anticancer activity that targets mitochondria.     

线粒体肌病超微结构特征研究

目的：结合线粒体肌病超微结构变化的特征，探讨该病的病因和可能的发病机制。方法：对2例线粒体肌病患者腓肠肌活检组织进行光镜和电镜超微病理观察。结果：发现病变肌纤维超微结构变化丰富，线粒体内类结晶包涵体形态独特，肌纤维间存在脂滴沉积，糖原颗粒聚集和异形吞噬体。结论：线粒体内不同形态的类结晶包涵体可能代表了不同种蛋白质的堆积，或是同一种蛋白质异常合成的不同时期的表现；脂滴沉积和糖原颗粒的异常增多，是继发于线粒体功能的障碍所致，进而出现形吞噬体的自我保护性反应。