IMM迭代扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波跟踪算法

该文提出了一种交互式多模型(IMM)迭代扩展卡尔曼粒子滤波机动目标跟踪算法。该算法在多模型中使用了改进的粒子滤波器,通过对迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波(IEKF)的测量更新按照高斯牛顿方法进行修正,减小了非线性滤波带来的线性化误差,然后利用修正的IEKF来产生粒子滤波的重要性密度函数,使其融入最新观测信息。最后将所提算法与交互式多模型粒子滤波(IMMPF)进行了比较,仿真结果表明该算法具有更好的跟踪性能。     

多模型粒子滤波在机动目标跟踪中的应用

针对在非线性机动目标跟踪中存在的滤波器易发散,跟踪误差大等问题,在双机协同跟踪的基础上,提出了利用交互式多模型粒子滤波(IMMPF)对空中机动目标进行跟踪的算法。该算法将粒子滤波和交互多模型有效结合,基本解决了非线性机动目标跟踪中存在的问题。通过仿真表明,与扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和交互式模型扩展卡尔曼滤波(IMMEKF)相比,IMMPF能够降低跟踪误差,提高收敛速度,且有很强的鲁棒性。     

基于IMM-极限迭代UFIR的机动目标跟踪算法

为提高非高斯噪声条件下机动目标跟踪的精度,提出基于交互式多模型极限迭代无偏有限脉冲响应滤波(IMM-极限迭代UFIR)算法。采用对噪声统计特性不敏感的极限迭代无偏有限脉冲响应滤波(UFIR)作为其子滤波器,对各模型进行状态估计,最后通过对各模型的输出结果综合得到机动目标状态。仿真结果表明,在噪声条件复杂的情况下,该算法比交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波(IMM-KF)具有更高的跟踪精度和稳定性,计算量小于IMM-PF,算法能较好地兼顾跟踪精度和计算量两方面性能。     

红外搜索跟踪系统对机动目标的跟踪算法研究

红外搜索跟踪系统(IRST)只能得到目标的角度,目标的精确三维运动方程难以建立,因此对机动目标进行跟踪尤为困难.提出了适合红外搜索跟踪系统的纯角度交互式多模型(IMM)定向跟踪算法,并和基于单一模型的卡尔曼滤波做了仿真对比,仿真结果表明了所提出的算法较卡尔曼滤波在性能上有很大提高,能够很好地跟踪机动目标.     

卡尔曼滤波在坦克目标跟踪中的应用

目前对飞机、导弹等高速、高机动目标跟踪的卡尔曼滤波算法取得了丰硕成果,但对相对低速、机动性能弱的坦克目标实施跟踪的算法研究较少。本文结合坦克机动特点,着重设计了恒速运动和恒加速运动模型,提出运用交互式多模型卡尔曼滤波算法对其实施跟踪,并进行了仿真实验和结果分析。     

基于高斯-艾肯特滤波的机动目标跟踪算法

针对交互式多模型(IMM)算法切换滤波模型缓慢、跟踪精度低甚至发散的问题,提出了在机动目标跟踪中使用的高斯-艾肯特滤波算法。首先,该算法确定观测模型和滤波模型集,分别构造量测方程组和滤波方程组,形成总体观测矩阵;然后,针对跟踪目标的非合作机动,提出使用卡方检验来检验滤波效果,并通过滤波控制算法实时调整滤波内存长度,使用高斯-艾肯特滤波对机动目标跟踪具有很强的灵活性,实现自适应跟踪;最后,在目标跟踪仿真中与三种改进模型集的卡尔曼滤波IMM算法进行对比验证,对两类算法进行了复杂度分析。仿真结果证明了高斯-艾肯特滤波算法的有效性,在无先验信息条件下拥有更高的跟踪精度。     

变维自适应交互式多模型跟踪算法

针对传统的交互式多模型(IMM)算法通常采用相同维数的模型进行滤波,存在较大的模型误差以及当前统计模型(CS)中的参数需要合理设定的问题,提出一种变维自适应交互式多模型(AIMM)跟踪算法。该算法首先利用维数变换,将不同维数的模型转换为统一的维数进行交互滤波,使之适用于一般的机动目标,减少模型跟踪误差;然后通过引入由残差信息定义的调整因子对CS模型中的参数自适应调整,提高模型与实际运动模式的匹配程度;最后将参数调整后的CS模型反馈到变维IMM算法中,来改善跟踪性能。仿真实验表明,与传统变维IMM算法相比,文中所提算法在有效跟踪机动目标的同时,提高了目标的跟踪精度。     

基于IMM-SCKF-STF的机动目标跟踪算法

在处理非线性机动目标跟踪问题时,传统的非线性滤波估计算法跟踪误差大且容易引起滤波发散.针对上述问题,研究将强跟踪平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SCKF-STF)和交互多模型(IMM)算法相结合,提出一种新型的交互多模型强跟踪平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(IMM-SCKF-STF)跟踪算法.该算法在SCKF基础上引入强跟踪渐消因子,使其不仅拥有应对机动目标状态突变的强跟踪能力,同时还具备交互多模型算法的优良机动目标跟踪性能.因此,新算法在机动目标跟踪方面将获得更高的非线性滤波估计精度,且算法的稳定性和应对状态突变的跟踪鲁棒性能获得显著提高.最后,通过两个仿真例子验证了此算法的有效性与优越性.     

多站无源跟踪边缘化卡尔曼滤波算法

多站无源跟踪量测方程非线性强,对跟踪算法的稳定性及精度提出了更高的要求。为实现稳定高精度跟踪,提出了新的基于边缘化卡尔曼滤波（MKF）的多机无源跟踪算法。该算法将非线性的量测方程表示为p阶Hermite多项式的加权和,将加权矩阵的先验分布建模为高斯过程,求得其后验分布后对其进行积分来消除加权矩阵的影响,最终可得对状态及其协方差矩阵估计的闭式解。以只测角跟踪为例对所提算法性能进行验证,仿真结果表明,相对于扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法、不敏卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法及容积卡尔曼滤波（CKF）算法,所提算法具有更好的跟踪性能。      

基于IMMCKF的机动目标跟踪算法

针对非线性机动目标跟踪中滤波器易发散、跟踪精度低等问题,将容积卡尔曼滤波器(CKF)引入到交互式多模型算法(IMM)中,设计了交互式多模型容积卡尔曼滤波算法(IMMCKF)。该算法采用Markov过程描述多个目标模型间的切换,利用CKF滤波器对每个模型进行滤波,将各滤波器状态输出的概率加权融合作为IMMCKF的输出。仿真结果表明,与IMMUKF算法相比,IMMCKF算法跟踪精度更高,模型切换速度更快,计算量更小,该算法具有重要的工程应用价值。     

Technology innovation and process integrations for sub-100nm gate patterning

This paper presents a brief overview of the Applied Centura(R)DPS(R)system,configured with silicon etch DPS Ⅱ chamber, with emphasis on discussing tuning capability for CD uniformity control. It also presents the studies of etch process chemistry and film integration impact for an overall successful gate patterning development. Discussions will focus on resolutions to key issues, such as CD uniformity, line-edge roughness, and multilayer film etching integration.     

White organic light-emitting devices based on fac tris（2- phenylpyridine） iridium sensitized 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnap -hthacene

We have fabricated the white organic light-emitting devices （WOLEDs） based on 4,4＇ -bis（2,2 -diphenyl vinyl）-1,1＇ - biphenyl （DPVBi） and phosphorescence sensitized 5,6,11,12,-tetraphenylnaphthacene （rubrene）. The device structure is ITO/2T-NATA （20 nm）/NPBX （20 nm）/CBP： x%Ir（ppy）3：0.5% rubrene （8 nm）/NPBX （5 nm）/DPVBi （30 nm）/Alq（30 nm）/LiF（0.5 nm）/A1. In the devices, DPVBi acts as a blue light-emitting layer, the rubrene is sensitized by a phosphorescent material, fac tris （2-phenylpyridine） iridium [Ir（ppy）3], acts as a yellow light-emitting layer, and N,N＇ -bis- （1-naphthyl）- N,N＇ -diphenyl -1, 1＇ -biphenyl-4,4＇ -diamine （NPBX） acts as a hole transporting and exciton blocker layer, respectively. When the concentration of Ir （PPY）3 is 6wt%, the maximum luminance is 24960 cd/m^2 at an applied voltage of 15 V, and the maximum luminous efficiency is 5.17 cd/A at an applied voltage of 8 V.     

Complete approach to automatic identification and subpixel center location for ellipse feature

To meet the need of automatic image features extraction with high precision in visual inspection, a complete approach to automatic identification and sub-pixel center location for similar-ellipse feature is proposed. In the method, the feature area is identified automatically based on the edge attribute, and the sub-pixel center location is accomplished with the leastsquare algorithm. It shows that the method is valid, practical, and has high precision by experiment. Meanwhile this method can meet the need of instrumentation of visual inspection because of easy realization and without man-machine interaction.     

小角度扩展相关性近似算法分析

本论文提出一种在多天线MIMO信道相关性建模中小角度扩展近似理论算法,并应用于分析MIMO系统性能。分析中分别对三种不同角能量分布情况下的空间相关性研发快速近似计算法,并同时提出双模(Bi-Modal)角能量分布情况下的近似运算。通过分析这些新方法的近似效率,可以得到计算简单、复杂度低、而且符合实际的MIMO相关信道矩阵,对系统级的快速高效计算法的研究和系统级的评估以及误差分析具有重要的意义。     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A Versatile Mixed-Signal Pin Approach for Cost-Effective Test of Automotive ICs

Integrated circuits (ICs) intended for increasingly sophisticated automotive applications bring unique test demands. Advanced ICs for applications such as highly integrated automatic braking system (ABS) and airbag controllers combine high voltage digital channels, significant VI demands and precise timing capability. Along with continued missioncritical reliability concerns, the trend toward higher voltage operation and increased device integration requires specialized test capabilities able to extend across the wide operating ranges found in automotive applications. Among these capabilities, automotive test requirements increasingly dictate a need for a cost-effective versatile mixed-signal pin electronics with very high data rates reaching up to 50MHz with a voltage swing of-2 V to +28 V.     

Critical Stage Rule-Based Real Time Dispatch（RTD）System in Highly-Mixed-Products （HMP） FAB

An improving utilization and efficiency of critical equipments in semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities are concerned. Semiconductor manufacturing FAB is one of the most complicated and cost sensitive environments. A good dispatching tool will make big difference in equipment utilization and FAB output as a whole. The equipment in this paper is In-Line DUV Scanner. There are many factors impacting utilization and output on this equipment group. In HMP environment one of the issues is changing of reticule in this area and idle counts due to load unbalance between equipments. Here we'll introduce a rule-based RTD system which aiming at decreasing the number of recipe change and idle counts among a group of scanner equipment in a high-mixed-products FAB.     

Optical vibration and deviation measurement of rotating machine parts

It is of interest to get appropriate information about the dynamic behaviour of rotating machinery parts in service. This paper presents an approach of optical vibration and deviation measurement of such parts. Essential of this method is an image derotator combined with a high speed camera or a laser doppler vibrometer （LDV）.