Ti/Al/Ti/Au与AlGaN欧姆接触特性

研究了溅射 Ti/ Al/ Ti/ Au四层复合金属与 Al Ga N / Ga N的欧姆接触特性 ,并就环境温度对欧姆接触特性的影响进行了分析研究 .试验证实 :溅射的 Ti/ Al/ Ti/ Au与载流子浓度为 2 .2 4× 10 1 8cm- 3的 Al Ga N之间在室温下无需退火即可形成欧姆接触 .随快速退火温度的升高接触电阻降低 .快速退火时间 30 s已可实现该温度下最佳欧姆接触 .当工作温度不高于 30 0℃时接触电阻几乎不受温度的影响     

高Al组分n-AlGaN的Ti/Al/Ti/Au欧姆接触

采用Ti/Al/Ti/Au多层金属电极对高Al组分n-AlxGa1-xN(x=0.6)欧姆接触的制备进行了研究,通过优化Ti接触层厚度以及合金退火条件,获得了较低的比接触电阻率(5.67×10-5Ω.cm2)。研究证实,Ti接触层厚度对欧姆接触特性有着重要影响,同时发现,高低温两步退火方式之所以能够改善欧姆接触特性的本质是与Al3Ti及TiN各自的生成条件直接相关,即低温利于生成Al3Ti,高温利于生成TiN,而这对n型欧姆接触的有效形成至关重要。     

AlGaN/GaN异质结构的欧姆接触

通过改变Ti/Al的结构及退火条件,研究了AlGaN/GaN异质结构上Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系所形成的欧姆接触.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属厚度分别为20,120,55和45nm,退火条件为高纯N2气氛中850℃、30s时在AlGaN/GaN异质结构上获得了良好的欧姆接触,其比接触电阻率为3.30×10-6Ω·cm2.SEM分析表明该条件下的欧姆接触具有良好的表面形貌,可以很好地满足高性能AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管制造的要求.     

AlGaN/GaN异质结构的欧姆接触

通过改变Ti/Al的结构及退火条件,研究了AlGaN/GaN异质结构上Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系所形成的欧姆接触.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属厚度分别为20,120,55和45nm,退火条件为高纯N2气氛中850℃、30s时在AlGaN/GaN异质结构上获得了良好的欧姆接触,其比接触电阻率为3.30×10-6Ω·cm2.SEM分析表明该条件下的欧姆接触具有良好的表面形貌,可以很好地满足高性能AlGaN/GaN高电子迁移率晶体管制造的要求.     

非故意掺杂GaN上Ti/Al/Ni/Au欧姆接触研究

基于圆形传输线模型,研究了背景载流子浓度为71016cm3的非故意掺杂GaN与Ti/Al/Ni/Au多层金属之间欧姆接触的形成。样品在N2气氛中,分别经过温度450,550,700,800,900℃的1 min快速热退火处理后发现,当退火温度高于700℃欧姆接触开始形成,随着温度升高欧姆接触电阻持续下降,在900℃时获得了最低比接触电阻6.6106O·cm2。研究表明,要获得低的欧姆接触电阻,需要Al与Ti发生充分固相反应,并穿透Ti层到达GaN表面;同时,GaN中N外扩散到金属中,在GaN表面产生N空位起施主作用,可提高界面掺杂浓度,从而有助于电子隧穿界面而形成良好欧姆接触。     

n-GaN表面Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学特性

实验研究了淀积在GaN上的Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学和热学特性,绘制了不同退火温度下的I-V曲线,得到了最低的欧姆接触电阻率(ρs=1.2×10-4 Ω·cm2),并通过X射线衍射谱分析了GaN与Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极接触表面在退火过程中的固相反应.实验结果表明,在Ti/Al表面增加Ti/Au保护层能够保证Al层在高温时不发生球化和氧化,电极更稳定可靠能够进一步提高欧姆接触特性.     

Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性

利用金属有机化合物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)在SiC衬底上外延生长了N-polar GaN材料,采用传输线模型(TLM)分析了Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au (20/60/10/50 nm)在N-polar GaN上可形成比接触电阻率为2.2×10-3Ω·cm2的非合金欧姆接触,当退火温度升至200℃,比接触电阻率降为1.44×10-3 Ω·cm2,随着退火温度的进一步上升,Ga原子外逸导致欧姆接触退化为肖特基接触.     

金属/n型AlGaN欧姆接触

用传输线模型对n型AlGaN(n-AlGaN)上Au/Pt/Al/Ti多金属层欧姆接触进行了接触电阻率的测量.在850℃退火5min后,测得欧姆接触电阻率达1.6×10-4Ω·cm2.经X射线衍射分析,Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面固相反应得出在500℃以上退火过程中,AlGaN层中N原子向外扩散,在AlGaN表面附近形成n型重掺杂层,导致欧姆接触电阻率下降;随退火温度的升高,N原子外扩散加剧,到800℃以上退火在Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面形成Ti2N相,导致欧姆接触电阻率进一步下降.     

金属/n型AlGaN欧姆接触

用传输线模型对n型AlGaN(n-AlGaN)上Au/Pt/Al/Ti多金属层欧姆接触进行了接触电阻率的测量.在850℃退火5min后,测得欧姆接触电阻率达1.6×10-4Ω·cm2.经X射线衍射分析,Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面固相反应得出在500℃以上退火过程中,AlGaN层中N原子向外扩散,在AlGaN表面附近形成n型重掺杂层,导致欧姆接触电阻率下降;随退火温度的升高,N原子外扩散加剧,到800℃以上退火在Au/Pt/Al/Ti/n-AlGaN界面形成Ti2N相,导致欧姆接触电阻率进一步下降.     

InAs/AlSb异质结的Pd/Ti/Pt/Au合金化欧姆接触

为了得到较低的接触电阻, 研究了帽层未掺杂的InAs/AlSb异质结的Pd/Ti/Pt/Au合金化欧姆接触.利用传输线模型 (TLM) 测量了接触电阻Rc.在最佳的快速热退火条件为275℃和20s时, InAs/AlSb异质结的Pd/Ti/Pt/Au接触电阻值为0.128Ω·mm.TEM观察发现经过快速热退火后Pd已经扩散到半导体中有利于高质量欧姆接触的形成.研究表明经过Pd/Ti/Pt/Au合金化欧姆接触后Rc有明显减小, 适用于InAs/AlSb异质结的应用.     

Structural properties of alloyed Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN

Two alloyed ohmic contact structures for AlGaN/GaN–Ti/Al/Ti/Au and Ti/Al/Mo/Au were studied. Both structures were optimized for minimum ohmic contact resistance. Structures grown on sapphire and SiC substrates were used to investigate structural properties of ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN. Ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN on SiC showed higher contact resistance values compared to contacts to AlGaN/GaN on sapphire. Ohmic contact metals were etched on samples after annealing. The alloyed interface was studied with backside illumination under an optical microscope. Alloyed inclusions associated with threading dislocations were observed on the surface. For the AlGaN/GaN on SiC sample the inclusion density was an order of magnitude lower than for the sample on sapphire. Conductive atomic force microscopy with carbon nanotube tip was used to investigate topography and conductivity profile of the surface after ohmic contact metal removal by etching.     

Ti/Si和Ti/O/Si界面相互作用的研究

本文利用XPS、UPS和AES等分析技术,对不同清洁处理的Ti/Si(111)界面进行了研究.在超高真空(～4 × 10~(-10)mbar)中,高纯Ti(99.99％)淀积在Si(111)表面上.Ti/S界面产生相互作用.Ti2p和Si2p芯能级产生化学位移,利用电子组态变化的观点解释了所观测到的化学位移.具有氧玷污的Ti 蒸发源,淀积在Si(111)表面上,没有观察到界面相互作用.如果在Si(111)表面存在极薄的氧化层,则在界面处首先形成 Ti的氧化物.文中讨论了氧玷污对界面互作用的影响.     

n-GaAs Schottky diodes metallized with Ti and Pt/Ti

The electrical characteristics and interdiffusion in n-GaAs Schottky diodes containing Ti and Pt/Ti have been studied using I-V, C-V, X-ray diffraction and Rutherford backscattering measurements. Thermal aging of the diodes was carried out in vacuo at 350 and 500°C. The Ti/n-GaAs diodes show near-ideal forward I-V characteristics with the ideality parameter $\text{n ? 1·03}$ and the barrier height φ_B ～ 0·84V. C-V data yield the same φ_B. No interdiffusion was observed at 350°C. At 500°C, TiAs forms but the φ_B remains unchanged. Pt/Ti/n-GaAs diodes behave “Pt-like” upon aging at 500°C with φ_B ～ 0·9V and n ～ 1·1. The TiAs formed at 500°C is ineffective in preventing a subsequent Pt/GaAs interaction which leads to a layered arrangement of reaction products consisting of Pt₃Ga/TiAs/PtAs₂/n-GaAs.     

Ti/TiN/Ti(N) PVD liners for W-plug applications

A novel scheme for implementing a same chamber Ti/TiN/Ti(N) W-plug liner is introduced. The Ti(N) cap is the result of a TiN-coated target clean in an argon only plasma. It is found that a process window exists within which a thin flash layer renders the contribution of TiF₃ formation during the CVD W deposition process to via resistance insignificant. At the same time the flash process time is long enough to sufficiently de-nitride the target. The subsequent Ti deposition is pure enough to getter any surface contamination at the bottom of the vias. The W-liner interfaces for flash layers of varying thicknesses are investigated using Auger emission spectroscopy. The electrical results presented demonstrate that the Ti/TiN/Ti(N) liner is comparable to standard liner processes.     

Study of Ti/W/Cu,Ti/Co/Cu,and Ti/Mo/Cu multilayer structures as schottky metals for GaAs diodes

Schottky structures with copper and refractory metals as diffusion barrier for GaAs Schottky diodes were evaluated. These structures have lower series resistances than the conventionally used Ti/Pt/Au structure. Based on the electrical and material characteristics, the Ti/W/Cu and Ti/Mo/Cu Schottky structures are thermally stable up to 400°C; the Ti/Co/Cu Schottky structure is thermally stable up to 300°C. Overall, the copper-metallized Schottky structures have excellent electrical characteristics and thermal stability, and can be used as the Schottky metals for GaAs devices.     

Degradation mechanism of Ti/Au and Ti/Pd/Au gate metallizations in GaAs MESFET's

Modifications of several dc parameters of GaAs MESFET's induced by accelerated aging at 300 °C have been investigated in a test pattern configuration. Two different gate metallization structures have been examined, namely GaAs/Ti/Au and GaAs/Ti/Pd/Au. The gate diode and the MESFET characteristics of the former degrade noticeably upon annealing, while they are less affected by the thermal treatments for the latter. This different behavior is probably induced by the formation of different compounds at the metal-GaAs interface, which modify the gate diode properties.     

Ti and Ti/Sb ohmic contacts on n-type 6H-SiC

Ohmic contacts consisting of Ti and Ti/Sb were prepared on silicon and carbon face of 6H-SiC with different doping densities. Ni contacts were used as reference. All structures were gradually annealed at different temperatures. Specific contact resistance was measured and morphology was monitored after each annealing. It was found that the same metallization has different properties on different 6H-SiC polar faces. Sb addition to Ti contact helped to reach lower values of specific contact resistance on Si-faces of substrates. On C-faces of substrates, pure titanium contacts were comparable or better than Ti/Sb. Annealing at 960 °C and 1065 °C caused contact morphology deterioration and surface spreading of Ti and Ti/Sb contacts. Ni contacts kept good morphology at all annealing temperatures and had the best values of specific contact resistance after annealing at 960 °C and 1065 °C. Using XPS profiling only small amount of free carbon was found in Ti-based contacts.