能量回收电路的功耗优化方法

能量回收电路的非绝热损失正比于CLΔV2,文中提出了两种方法降低CL和ΔV因子.HEERL(high efficient energy recovery logic)电路利用自举效应减小了回收节点的残留电压ΔV,IERL(improved energy recovery logic)电路增加了回收的通路,在控制回收通路的小电容节点产生了CAΔV2的非绝热损失,从而使大电容输出节点电荷被充分回收,降低了电路的整体功耗.降低非绝热损失两个因子CL和ΔV的能量回收电路与其它能量回收电路相比,电路面积增加很小(2个NMOS管),而功耗可降低50%以上.     

能量回收电路的功耗优化方法

能量回收电路的非绝热损失正比于CLΔV2,文中提出了两种方法降低CL和ΔV因子.HEERL(high efficient energy recovery logic)电路利用自举效应减小了回收节点的残留电压ΔV,IERL(improved energy recovery logic)电路增加了回收的通路,在控制回收通路的小电容节点产生了CAΔV2的非绝热损失,从而使大电容输出节点电荷被充分回收,降低了电路的整体功耗.降低非绝热损失两个因子CL和ΔV的能量回收电路与其它能量回收电路相比,电路面积增加很小(2个NMOS管),而功耗可降低50%以上.     

模式可选的新型能量回收电路

基于绝热计算原理的能量回收电路是克服数字电路功耗CV2壁垒的有效途径.提出了一种MOCAL (Mode Optional CAL)电路,在CAL的基础上增加了对电路工作模式的控制,从而弥补了大部分传统绝热电路的缺陷,可以直接用来替换CMOS电路中的相应部分,降低了功耗,并节省了芯片面积.采用MOCAL结构,经过HSPICE验证,并且与CAL反相器链的功耗进行了比较.结果显示,在20 MHz频率下,MOCAL反相器链的功耗损失仅为CAL的23%,证明了设计的有效性.     

一种基于绝热电路的集成电路低功耗设计

能量通过电路损失后就会产生功耗,如能重新利用这种能量,就可以降低大部分功耗,这种技术称为能量恢复技术,其中绝热电路是一种常用的能量恢复技术,经常被用在大规模集成电路设计中,本文详细分析绝热电路的设计,以及在集成电路设计中的应用.     

基于绝热逻辑的低功耗乘法器电路设计

基于绝热开关理论的能量回收逻辑与传统的静态CMOS逻辑相比,能够大大减少电路的功率消耗。这里介绍了一种使用单相正弦电源时钟的能量回收逻辑,分别用静态CMOS逻辑和这种能量回收逻辑设计,并仿真了一个两位乘法器电路,比较了这两种电路的性能。研究表明,采用能量回收逻辑设计的乘法器显著降低了电路的功率消耗。     

低功耗绝热SRAM

文章提出了一种新的绝热电路,并以该绝热电路为驱动,设计了一种低功耗绝热SRAM.由于所提出的绝热电路能以完全绝热的方式回收位线和字线上大开关电容的电荷,因此使该SRAM的功耗大大减小.我们采用0.25μm TSMC工艺,在时钟频率25～200MHz范围内对绝热SRAM进行了能耗和功能的HSPICE仿真,结果显示,与用传统的CMOS电路设计的SRAM相比,可节能80%左右.     

能量回收阈值逻辑及其功率时钟产生电路

提出了能量回收阈值逻辑电路(ERTL).该电路把阈值逻辑应用到绝热电路中,降低能耗的同时也降低了电路的门复杂度.并且提出了一种高效率的功率时钟产生电路.该功率时钟电路能够根据逻辑的复杂度和工作频率,调整电路中MOS开关的开启时间,以取得最优的能量效率.为了便于功率时钟的优化设计,推导出了闭式结果.基于0.35μm的工艺参数,设计并且仿真了ERTL可编程逻辑阵列(PLA)和普通结构PLA.在20～100MHz的工作频率范围内,提出的功率时钟电路的能量效率可以达到77%～85%.仿真结果还显示,ERTL是一个低能耗的逻辑.ERTL PLA与普通结构的PLA相比,包括功率时钟电路的功耗在内,ERTL PLA仍节省65%～77%的功耗.     

交叉耦合绝热动态触发器及同步动态时序电路

本文提出交叉耦合绝热动态触发器及其同步时序电路综合方法。首先利用文献[1]的电路三要素理论定量描述交叉耦合型绝热锁存器，由绝热主锁存器和从锁存器构成一个单相输入的绝热触发器。在交叉耦合型绝热触发器的基础上，本文提出绝热同步动态时序电路综合方法，用此法设计出绝热8421BCD码错码检测电路（仅用50管），总功耗小于三个绝热ADL非门的功耗，计算机模拟验证本文方法的正确性。     

绝热无比型动态触发器和同步时序电路综合

该文从电路三要素理论出发研究低功耗电路，定量描述绝热无比型动态记忆电路。绝热无比型动态触发器利用电容接收和保存信息，避免目前绝热电路中电容上的信息得而复失的现象，其中绝热D和T'触发器只用6管，带‘与或非’输入的绝热D触发器只用9管。在上述理论基础上该文提出绝热无比型动态同步时序电路综合方法，用此法设计出绝热5421BCD码十进制计数器，仅用32管，总功耗小于一个PAL－2N四位二进制计数器的功耗，计算机模拟验证该文方法正确。     

基于CTGAL电路的绝热4-2压缩器和乘法器设计

通过对并行乘法器和钟控传输门绝热逻辑(Clocked Transmission Gate Adiabatic Logic,CTGAL)电路工作原理及结构的研究,提出了基于CTGAL电路的绝热4-2压缩器的设计方案,与传统CMOS逻辑的4-2压缩器相比,此压缩器节省平均功耗约87%.在此基础上,进一步设计了4×4位绝热乘法器,HSPICE模拟结果表明了所设计的电路具有正确的逻辑功能和显著的能量恢复特性.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Quantum theory analysis of the action micromechanism exerted on bioparticles from laser microbeams

The effect of laser microbeam trapping the bioparticles has been appfied widely in the biology .However the micromechanism of the acting that realizes the laser-microbeam trapping bioparticles is still lacking. In this paper ,the act microchenism of the gradiant force of laser microbeam for the bioparticles is analysed by means of quantum theory ,The result accords with our experiment.     

Modulation instability of dispersion-shifted fiber couplers

The nonlinear coupled-mode equations are rewritten by even and odd modes. We study modulation instability (MI) of dispersion-shifted fiber couplers when either even or odd mode is launched alone by using zero-dispersion waveleng threlatively long (quasi-cw) pulses. The result shows that there are new types of MI in both the normal-dispersion and the anomalous-dispersion regimes. MI is concerned with forth-order dispersion and has no relation with third-order dispersion.Quasi-cw can be changed into pulses array under certain conditions. We can extract super short pulse from this. Furthermore,the bandwidth of gain spectra widens and its strength accretes as the input power increases.     

The effects of PMD and PDL on the performance of OOK and DPSK systems

Using multiple importance sampling （MIS） technique, the optical communication system performance affected by polarization-mode dispersion （PMD） and polarization-dependent loss （PDL） is simulated numerically. The power penalties and system outage probabilities are obtained for optical communication systems with on-off keying （OOK） or differential phase shift keying （DPSK） modulation. The simulation results show that DPSK always performs better than OOK. When the system has moderate PDL （about 1.5 dB）, it is necessary to compensate effectively the fiber PMD in order to enhance the system tolerance to the PMD and PDL. However, the efficiency of PMD compensation will degrade rapidly when the PMD of the whole optical link drops into the low value.     

Shape measurement by carrier modulation in electronic speckle pattern interferometry

A shape measurement based on ESPI by using carrier is presented. When the tested object is tilted with a small angle, the carrier pattern containing altitude information is formed on the object surface. By using the carrier pattern captured by a CCD camera, the phase of the object can be derived by Fourier transform and the shape measurement is realized. The principle of the method is introduced and proved by an experiment.     

Least squares decoding in binomial frequency division multiplexing

This paper proposes a method that can reduce the complexity of a system matrix by analyzing the characteristics of a pseudoinverse matrix to receive a binomial frequency division multiplexing (BFDM) signal and decode it using the least squares (LS) method. The system matrix of BFDM can be expressed as a band matrix, and as this matrix contains many zeros, its amount of calculation when generating a transmission signal is quite small. The LS solution can be obtained by multiplying the received signal by the pseudoinverse matrix of the system matrix. The singular value decomposition of the system matrix indicates that the pseudoinverse matrix is a band matrix. The signal-to-interference ratio is obtained from their eigenvalues. Meanwhile, entries that do not contribute to signal generation are erased to enhance calculation efficiency. We decode the received signal using the pseudoinverse matrix and the removed pseudoinverse matrix to obtain the bit error rate performance and to analyze the difference.     

极化码序列连续删除译码算法的改进设计

极化码连续删除译码算法性能和传统的LDPC码存在一定差距。序列连续删除算法(SCL)的提出极大地改善译码性能,是极化码推向实际应用中的重要一步。但是该算法复杂度较高,延迟大。改进的序列连续删除(SCL)译码算法是基于改善极化码码长受限的情况,文中描述SCL算法是通过码树上的搜索序列路径来表示译码过程。改进的算法通过减少译码算法在码树上的序列路径来降低时间和空间复杂度。通过仿真表明,改进的算法有效地降低了译码的复杂度同时在性能上也接近最大似然(ML)译码算法。     

HfO2 Gate Dielectrics for Future Generation of CMOS Device Application

Introduction High- k gate dielectrics have been extensivelystudied as alternates to conventional gate oxide( Si O2 ) due to the aggressive downscaling of Si O2thickness in CMOS devices,and hence the exces-sive gate leakage.Hf O2 has emerged as one...