Pearlite spheroidization by thermomechanical treatment of directly charged thin slabs

Considering coarse initial austenite grain and the reduced thickness of directly charged thin slabs, a modified thermomechanical treatment was carried out on an unalloyed engineering steel with 0.66% C. For the laboratory simulation to determine the microstructural and mechanical properties a continuous casting simulator linked with the hot deformation simulator (Wumsi) were used. The aim of these tests was to study the process of the strain induced spheroidization of lamellar pearlite in order to improve the cold deformability of the steel, taking account of the particular conditions of direct charging. By the Variation of hot rolling deformation schedules, the influence of austenite grain size, pearlite interlamellar spacing as well as strain and strain temperature were investigated. The spheroidization process was mostly influenced by the strain applied just after finished pearlite transformation. Improving both strength and ductility by increasing fraction of spheroidized pearlite was supported by a smaller pearlite interlamellar spacing before deformation. A coarse austenite grain hardly affects the spheroidization process and brings about no impairment of mechanical properties, which makes this processing particularly attractive for direct charging of thin slabs. Moreover, a finely spheroidized pearlite exerts structural similarities to a tempered martensite, concerning distribution, shape and size of the cementite, accordingly leading to comparable mechanical properties. This justifies such modified hot rolling to be accepted as a potential substitution for the conventional post-rolling quench and tempering of high carbon steel products.     

The effect of alloying elements and microstructure on the strength and fracture resistance of pearlitic steel

The processes of ductile and brittle fracture in fully pearlitic steel and their relation to both the scale of the microstructure and the presence of substitutional alloy elements have been investigated at room temperature using smooth tensile and over a range of temperatures using V-notched Charpy impact specimens. The results show that the early stages of cracking, revealed in both types of specimen, are largely the result of shear cracking of the pearlite lamellae. These cracks grow and can reach a size when they impinge upon the prior austenite boundary; afterward the character of fracture can be either microvoid coalescence or cleavage, depending on test conditions and metallurgical variables. Further, the carbide plates of the pearlite lamellae can act as barriers to the movement of dislocations as is the case normally with grain boundaries. For pearlite an optimum spacing of approximately 0.2 μm resulting from a balance between carbide plate thickness and interlamellar spacing was found to enhance toughness, although such changes are much smaller than corresponding changes due to varying alloy elements. Specific alloy elements used herein strengthened the lamellar ferrite in pearlite, inhibiting the movement of dislocations while also usually decreasing the lamellar cementite plate thickness for the same spacing. This dual behavior results in enhanced resistance to the initiation and propagation of microcracks leading to an improvement in strength, ductility, and toughness. The most effective alloy elements for the composition ranges studied in fully pearlitic steels are Si and Ni for strength improvement, and Ni and Mn for toughness.     

几种高速列车用弹簧钢的奥氏体晶粒长大倾向

 弹簧钢的原奥氏体晶粒大小对其力学性能和疲劳性能有重要影响,采用光学显微镜研究了51CrV4、52CrMoV4、60Si2CrVA、60Si2MnA 4种高速列车用弹簧钢的原奥氏体晶粒在加热后的长大倾向,结合透射电镜的观察分析了4种弹簧钢具有不同奥氏体晶粒粗化温度的原因。试验结果表明,化学成分对其奥氏体晶粒长大倾向具有重要影响,弹簧钢中加入Cr、V、Mo能有效阻止原奥氏体晶粒的长大,奥氏体晶粒的粗化温度与微合金碳氮化合物的固溶温度有关。 在800~1100℃温度范围内加热,51CrV4中的奥氏体晶粒长大趋势最小,52CrMoV4和60Si2CrVA次之,60Si2MnA最大。     

新型锯片基体用钢51CrV4的研究与开发

 51CrV4钢因具有良好的热处理性能与力学性能,广泛用作为高等级弹簧钢。为改善现有锯片钢的不足,根据51CrV4特有的化学成分,创新性地将其用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体。通过研究动态CCT曲线,卷取温度对显微组织与第二相析出物的影响,淬火与回火工艺对碳化物尺寸、晶粒尺寸、力学性能的影响,评估了51CrV4钢用于制造金刚石焊接锯片基体的可行性。结果表明：卷取温度升高,先共析铁素体尺寸与珠光体片层间距变大,10 nm粒径以下的(V,Cr)C析出物在MC相析出物中所占的比例减少;淬火温度由800提高到900 ℃时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸先缓慢变化,随后快速长大,固溶的碳化物质量分数增多,回火后锯片硬度增强,而回火温度由450提高到550 ℃时,马氏体板条界片层状渗碳体逐步球化,强度明显下降,塑性小幅提高;设定合适的卷取温度控制热轧态中第二相碳化物的尺寸,并在850～900 ℃淬火、约450 ℃回火是生产高硬度、高韧性51CrV4金刚石焊接锯片的关键工艺。     

奥氏体形变对50CrV4钢相变行为的影响

利用Thermecmastor-Z型热模拟试验机,结合金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、维氏硬度计等,系统研究了奥氏体区变形对50CrV4钢连续冷却相变和等温相变规律的影响。建立了试验钢动态CCT曲线。研究结果表明,奥氏体变形能促进连续冷却转变过程中铁素体-珠光体、贝氏体转变,但亦可提高奥氏体的机械稳定性,进而抑制马氏体转变,Ms点由331.6℃(奥氏体未变形)降低至291℃(950℃下变形50%+890℃下变形50%,变形速率均为5s-1,变形后冷速为20℃/s)。当轧后冷速小于0.5℃/s时,试验钢中可获得铁素体+珠光体组织。此外,在研究不同变形量对试验钢等温相变规律影响时发现,650℃等温时,试验钢中发生铁素体-珠光体相变。随着变形量的增加(由30%增加至50%),其等温相变动力学加快(相变完成时间由197.6s减小至136.5s),铁素体体晶粒尺寸、珠光体片层间距减小,硬度增加。     

Effects and Mechanisms of RE on Impact Toughness and Fracture Toughness of Clean Heavy Rail Steel

 Clean high carbon heavy rail steel was prepared by the process of vacuum induction furnace smelting, forging and rolling. Mechanisms of RE on the impact toughness and fracture toughness for clean high carbon steel were investigated. In addition, the appropriate range of RE content for clean high carbon steel was determined. Both the austenite grain size and pearlite lamellar spacing decreased due to small amount of RE, consequently the impact toughness and fracture toughness were improved evidently. When the RE content exceeded a critical value, the pearlite lamellar spacing was increased, because RE was segregated on the austenite grain boundaries, damaged the orientation relationship of pearlite transformation, caused the disorder growth and morphology degenerating of pearlite. With the increasing of RE content, both the impact toughness and fracture toughness of clean high carbon steel were gradually increased at first and then decreased. It was found that when the RE content was between 00081% and 00088%, both the impact toughness and fracture toughness of clean high carbon heavy rail steel were the best. The maximum ballistic work was 212 J (20 ℃) and 122 J (-20 ℃), respectively. The maximum plane-strain fracture toughness was 4567 MPa·m1/2 (20 ℃) and 3704 MPa·m1/2 (-20 ℃), respectively.     

Effect of Prior Austenite Grain Size on Pearlite Transformation in a Hypoeuctectoid Fe-C-Mn Steel

The aim of this work is to evaluate the influence of the prior austenite grain size (AGS) on the austenite-to-pearlite isothermal decomposition in a Fe-C-Mn hypoeutectoid steel. Due to the strong influence, grain boundaries have on pearlite transformation kinetics, morphological aspects of pearlite from two conditions with very different AGS were studied and characterized. Results allow us to conclude that the formation of pearlite and ferrite are favored for small AGS values, whereas a larger AGS led to an increase in the total amount of pearlite volume fraction. Furthermore, the average size of pearlitic colonies increased with increasing AGS, and it appears that the interlamellar spacing of the pearlite does not depend on AGS, but instead, is controlled by the isothermal decomposition temperature. Finally, it was observed that the ratio between lamellar thickness of ferrite and cementite depended on AGS.     

变形温度对弹簧钢55SiCrA组织和性能的影响

通过Gleeble-1500热/力模拟试验机,采用光学、电子显微技术及力学测试等方法,研究了800～950℃变形温度对汽车悬架用弹簧钢55SiCrA(%:0.56C、1.42Si、0.68Cr)组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着变形温度的提高,相变开始温度和相变结束温度均逐渐下降,珠光体片层间距逐渐减小,变形温度为850～900℃时,珠光体片层间距为130～140 nm,抗拉强度为1 075～1 090 MPa,断面收缩率43.5%～44.0%,综合力学性能最佳。     

轧后热处理温度对热轧钢轨组织和性能的影响

 通过在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上对珠光体钢轨的轧后热处理模拟试验,研究了热轧后不同加热温度进行奥氏体化后,同一等温温度下得到的珠光体轨钢的显微组织和力学性能。试验结果表明：与热轧态相比,热处理后的钢轨钢在保持硬度稳定的基础上,冲击韧性随着奥氏体化温度降低得到明显改善。观察轧后热处理钢轨的组织,从原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸、相变后珠光体组织中珠光体域的尺寸和珠光体片层间距大小等方面,对轧后热处理温度对热轧钢轨性能的影响规律和原因进行了分析,阐明了轧后热处理温度对于控制珠光体钢轨的组织和性能的影响作用。     

稀土对60CrVA钢组织和性能的影响

用兴澄特钢生产的φ18 mm 60CrVA圆钢做原料,在25 kg真空感应炉中,进行了三炉添加稀土的试验.对钢的化学成分、气体含量、金相以及硬度、横向韧性、塑性等性能进行检验.稀土改变了钢中夹杂物形态和细化了珠光体片间距,提高了钢的韧性和冲击性能,有利于延长产品的使用寿命.     

60Si2MnA弹簧钢的热变形行为

通过热模拟压缩试验，研究了60Si2MnA弹簧钢高温变形时的力学行为和动态再结晶行为。由实验数据求得了60Si2MnA弹簧钢的热变形激活能，峰值应力，峰值应变以及动态再结晶晶粒尺寸与Zener-Hollomon参数之间的关系。结果表明，通过动态再结晶能获得细小的晶粒。     

60Si2MnA弹簧钢柔性化工艺控制的试验研究

采用光学、电子显微技术和力学分析等方法,结合热模拟试验和现场工业试验,研究了高速线材斯太尔摩控冷工艺生产高强度优质60Si2MnA弹簧钢的工艺参数与显微组织和力学性能之间的关系。研究表明,该弹簧钢盘条最终组织为珠光体加少量铁索体,随着相变冷速的升高,在铁素体含量变少及晶粒细化的同时珠光体球团分布更加弥散均匀,珠光体片层间距减小;不同强度级别的高强度60Si2MnA弹簧钢的延伸率几乎相当,断面收缩率相差0．5％,抗拉强度相差约200MPa,综合力学性能优良。     

高铁用U75V钢轨钢动态CCT曲线

用膨胀法结合显微组织观察及硬度测量方法,得到了U75V钢轨钢动态CCT曲线。结果表明:当冷却速度为0.05~3℃/s时的U75V钢轨钢的显微组织为珠光体组织,而且随着冷却速度的加快珠光体片层间距逐渐减小;冷却速度为5℃/s时主要的显微组织为珠光体组织,但出现少量马氏体组织;当冷却速度为15~50℃/s时的显微组织为马氏体和残余奥氏体组织。随着冷却速度的增大,硬度呈增加趋势。高铁用U75V钢轨钢奥氏体向珠光体开始转变温度不超过700℃,相变结束温度不低于500℃,当冷却速度为2~3℃/s时珠光体片层间距最为细小。     

Nb元素添加对75Cr1钢热变形行为的影响

为了研究Nb元素对75Cr1钢热变形行为的影响,以75Cr1钢和Nb微合金化的75Cr1钢为研究材料,分析了Nb元素添加对75Cr1钢轧制过程中加热、热变形、卷取、冷却等工序热力学行为的影响。在轧制过程中,Nb合金化对75Cr1钢韧性提升的作用主要体现在Nb元素能够在加热过程中抑制奥氏体晶粒的长大;能够在不增加热轧变形抗力的前提下,使热轧产品表现出更大的加工硬化特征;在冷却过程中能够明显减小珠光体组织的层片间距。     

Nb对高碳钢珠光体球化的影响

摘要：设计了2种不同Nb含量的高碳珠光体钢（0.025Nb和Free -Nb），采用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、透射电镜和硬度测试仪对两种试验钢珠光体球化前后的显微组织进行了观察和球化后的硬度进行了测量。结果表明：Nb元素可以细化高碳珠光体钢的片层间距，相同条件下具有更多的铁素体 渗碳体界面，在球化退火的第一阶段提供大量的位错和亚晶界使片状珠光体快速熔断，同时也给第二阶段碳的扩散提供高速扩散通道；细小的片层间距缩短了碳和合金元素的扩散距离，使球化转变速度加快，促进了高碳珠光体的球化。Nb元素的添加获得了细小片层间距以及更多的合金碳化物使试验钢的初始硬度偏高，球化退火前4h硬度值下降幅度较大，球化退火4h后对试验钢硬度的影响不大。     

Effects of thermomechanical treatments on the mechanical behavior of eutectoid steel

High strength, good ductility, and superior fatigue behavior were produced in fully pearlitic steel by thermomechanical treatments (TMT) in which heavy amounts of cold rolling were followed by rapid annealing above theA ₁ temperature. Alignment of the cementite fibers in a soft ferrite matrix by TMT gives a number of beneficial effects on mechanical behavior without the brittleness inherent to cold rolling alone. A linear regression equation was developed to quantitatively relate prior austenite grain size and interlamellar spacing with the yield strength. TMT involving lower annealing temperatures for short times resulted in optimal fatigue behavior relative to both random coarse pearlite and 75 pct cold rolled pearlite. This superiority was manifested by higher fatigue ratios (stress at 10⁷ cycles/UTS) and higherS/N curves normalized with respect to either UTS or hardness. Transverse samples showed better fatigue strength than longitudinal ones because of anisotropy in both mechanical fibering of the microstructure and in the crystallographic texture of the ferrite matrix.     

热形变和钒微合金化对高碳钢组织转变的影响

通过在Gleeble1500热模拟试验机上的热形变和冷却试验,研究了热形变及钒微合金化对高碳钢连续冷却后显微组织及硬度的影响。研究结果表明：未形变的含钒试验钢在5和9℃/s冷速下出现了中低温组织贝氏体和马氏体,950℃变形后的含钒钢,在同样冷速下相变后得到的组织全为珠光体。随钒含量的增加,珠光体转变后的片层间距变小,硬...     

Nb-Ti微合金化对热轧0.5~0.7Cr铲斗刀板型钢组织和性能的影响

试验0.5~0.7Cr铲斗刀板型钢（/%:0.22~0.30C,0.25~0.45Si,0.95~1.20Mn,0.006~0.009P,0.008~0.010S,0.5~0.7Cr,0.015~0.065Nb,0~0.040Ti）由50kg真空感应炉熔炼,热轧成16mm厚板,终轧温度850~900℃,空冷。通过光学显微镜、扫描、透射电镜和力学性能测试研究了Nb-Ti含量（0.015Nb,0.035Nb-0.010Ti,0.065Nb-0.040Ti）对热轧态铲斗刀板钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢组织为F+P,随Nb-Ti含量增加,钢板的晶粒细化,珠光体片层间距降低,（Nb,Ti）C和（Nb,Ti）(C,N)析出物增多,强度增加,0.065Nb-0.040Ti钢板的力学性能为屈服强度632MPa,抗拉强度916MPa,延伸率17.7%,K_AV40 J,HB硬度值234。     

Cleavage fracture in pearlitic eutectoid steel

The effect of microstructure on flow and fracture properties of fully pearlitic steel has been studied by independently varying the prior austenite grain size and the pearlite interlamellar spacing through appropriate heat treatments. The yield strength is independent of the prior austenite grain size but increases as the interlamellar spacing or the temperature decreases. The microstructural dependence can be explained by using a model which assumes that yielding is controlled by dislocation motion in the ferrite lamellae. The critical tensile stress for cleavage fracture is found to be independent of prior austenite grain size, increasing as the interlamellar spacing decreases. The cleavage fracture stress is independent of temperature for fine pearlite but increases as the temperature decreases for coarse pearlite. The associated fracture in blunt notch specimens initiates at inclusions beneath notch surface near the location of maximum tensile stress. From the size of such inclusions, the effective surface energy for cleavage fracture can be directly calculated and is found to be independent of temperature and prior austenite grain size but to increase as the interlamellar spacing decreases, from about 5 to 13 J/m² for the range of microstructures and temperatures used in this study. Additional measurements of the effective surface energy and further theoretical analyses of the cleavage process are needed. D.J. ALEXANDER, formerly of Carnegie Mellon University I. M. BERNSTEIN, formerly of Carnegie Mellon University     

Effects of TMCP Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Bearing Spring Steel

The effects of TMCP parameters,such as finish rolling temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-bearing spring steel were investigated by thermal simulation,quantitative metallography and tensile test.And the precipitation in Nb-bearing spring steel was analysis by electron microscopy.Experimental results indicate that the higher finish rolling temperature or the more rapid cooling rate in a given range,the less the proeutectoid ferrite content and the thinner the interlamellar spacing is.Reasonably higher finish rolling temperature followed by properly higher cooling rate is suggested to improve the mechanical properties of Nb-bearing spring steel.Micro-addition of niobium decreases the proeutectoid ferrite content and the interlamellar spacing and leads to forming degenerated pearlite.The precipitation of size range ～20-50 nm in Nb-bearing spring steel occurred at the lamellar ferrite of pearlite and the proeutectoid ferrite.