融合MCMC算法的GLUE方法改进研究

近年来GLUE方法被广泛的应用于流域水文模型的不确定性研究工作中。但是，由于方法存在理论上的缺陷，近来国内外研究者对GLUE方法提出一些质疑，如：对模拟结果不加选择、采用主观判断确定可行参数组的阈值、推导得出的后验概率分布过于平坦等。本文在Blasone所做工作的基础之上，进一步提出了MMGLUE（MCMC based Modified GLUE）方法，该方法结合近年来被广泛用于推求参数后验分布的MCMC方法，对基于Monte Carlo随机取样方法传统的GLUE方法进行改进，并以预测区间性质最优为标准，对可行参数组阈值进行判断与选择，首次提出了衡量预测区间对称性的标准，并就预测区间性质与可行参数组个数的相关关系进行了探索。在汉江玉带河流域的实例研究证明，MMGLUE方法较传统的GLUE方法能够推求出性质更为优良的预测区间，从而更真实合理地反映水文模型的不确定性。     

改进的GLUE方法在水文模型不确定性研究中的应用

将近年来广泛应用于推求参数后验分布的MCMC方法，对基于蒙特卡洛随机取样方法的传统的GLUE方法进行了改进。采用两参数月水量平衡模型对改进的GLUE方法进行验证，结果表明：改进的GLUE方法可以有效地提高预测区间的置信度，并且推导的后验分布与实际情况更为吻合。     

基于FCM-SCEMUA的水文模型参数不确定性估计方法

引入模糊C-均值聚类(FCM)方法对水文过程进行分类,结合SCEMUA方法,建立了基于FCM-SCEMUA的水文模型参数不确定性分析方法。选择南水北调水源区所在的汉江上游的江口流域,以新安江模型为例进行了实例研究。结果表明,FCM-SCEMUA方法通过对不同分类的似然函数分别设置阈值,在阈值同样为70%的情况下,所得到的有效参数组比通过SCEMUA方法得到的减少了64.8%的不合理参数组。所推求的参数后验分布更能够朝着高概率密度区进化,推导出更加合理的水文模型参数的后验分布,从而得到更加合理的预测区间,有效地减少了水文模拟与预测的不确定性。     

一种改进的参数区间选取方法及 在 WEP2L 模型中的应用

分布式水文模型由于参数众多, 各参数之间不能完全独立, 在参数自动率定中存在部分参数的优选过程相互 抑制情况。以 WEP2L( Water and Ener gy transfer Pr ocess in Lar ge river basins) 分布式水文模型为例, 基于 GLUE 算法推求模型参数的后验分布, 将参数全局敏感性分析的 Sobol 方法与概念性水文模型的参数区间优选方法相结 合, 给出了在较少参数采样次数条件下分布式水文模型不完全独立的多参数自动优选方案, 并在白河流域进行了应 用。结果表明: ( 1) 用 GLUE 算法推求参数后验分布, 结合 Sobol 分析及参数的区间优选方法, 可对 WEP2L 实现参 数自动率定, 模拟精度能达到 01 633; ( 2) 将 Sobol 全局敏感度分析与参数的区间优选方法相结合, 可进一步优化参 数区间确定的原则, 提高模拟的精度。研究结果可为分布式水文模型的参数率定提供借鉴。     

基于GLUE的垂向混合产流模型参数不确定性分析

水文模型能将复杂的水文现象和过程进行概化,其不确定性研究已成为模型研究的重要方向之一。以半湿润地区洛河流域为研究区域,构建了基于垂向混合产流模型的流域产流模拟模型,采用GLUE方法并结合5项相关指标对构建的模型进行不确定性分析。结果表明:使用GLUE方法对垂向混合产流模型进行不确定性评估和参数优选过程中,在置信度为95%的前提下,模型预报区间的覆盖率达到87.5%,对称度S和T接近于0,数据模拟对称度良好。     

利用 GLUE 方法不同算法分析 TOPMODEL模型不确定性

以丹江的西峡流域为研究对象,采用GLUE方法探讨TOPMODEL模型不确定性。分析不同似然函数算法、调节参数、模型参数和结果预测区间的不确定性,结果表明不同算法的似然函数值既有差异又有相似性,值变化会引起不同似然函数分布的变化,也影响模型参数与似然值的关系。分析不同阈值的90％置信区间的实测值覆盖率、预测区间宽度及预测区间对称性等特征,结果说明阈值越小,预测区间的可靠性越高,但不确定性范围越大;阈值越大则情况相反。说明选定似然函数和阈值时需综合考虑多方面因素。     

水文模型不确定性研究方法耦合分析

为了探索解决在提高区间覆盖率的同时降低预测区间平均带宽的问题,将dual EnKF方法与GLUE方法2种水文模型不确定性研究方法进行了耦合分析,得到了dual E-G方法。以新安江模型为例,采用3个评价指标(覆盖率、平均带宽和平均不对称性)评价了dual E-G方法在3个流域(甲河流域、天河流域、灞河流域)的预测区间性质,并与GLUE方法进行了对比。结果表明：dual E-G方法可以同时改善3种不确定性指标。该成果可为水文模型预报、洪水决策风险分析等方面的深入研究提供有益参考。     

基于GLUE的新安江模型参数不确定性分析及应用

结合新安江模型在东洋河流域的应用,提出了基于GLUE方法的新安江模型参数不确定性分析。采用GLUE算法抽样结果对东洋河流域进行不确定性预报,选用水文模拟中常用的确定性系数作为似然判据,通过设定0.7为阀值,得到的90%置信区间的流量过程,实例研究表明,以该结果进行不确定预报是可行的。     

一种改进的参数区间选取方法及在WEP-L模型中的应用

分布式水文模型由于参数众多,各参数之间不能完全独立,在参数自动率定中存在部分参数的优选过程相互抑制情况。以WEP-L(Water and Energy transfer Process in Large river basins)分布式水文模型为例,基于GLUE算法推求模型参数的后验分布,将参数全局敏感性分析的Sobol方法与概念性水文模型的参数区间优选方法相结合,给出了在较少参数采样次数条件下分布式水文模型不完全独立的多参数自动优选方案,并在白河流域进行了应用。结果表明:(1)用GLUE算法推求参数后验分布,结合Sobol分析及参数的区间优选方法,可对WEP-L实现参数自动率定,模拟精度能达到0.633;(2)将Sobol全局敏感度分析与参数的区间优选方法相结合,可进一步优化参数区间确定的原则,提高模拟的精度。研究结果可为分布式水文模型的参数率定提供借鉴。     

SWAT模型径流模拟的校正与不确定性分析

为比较SUFI-2和GLUE两种常用的SWAT模型校正与不确定性分析方法的优劣,以三峡库区大宁河流域为研究对象,应用Arc SWAT 2012对大宁河流域进行径流模拟,并分别基于SUFI-2和GLUE方法进行校正和不确定性分析,进而从模型模拟结果的不确定性、拟合效果、运算效率和参数不确定性分析等方面对SUFI-2和GLUE进行比较。结果表明:SUFI-2和GLUE都可以较好地应用于大宁河流域SWAT模型的校正和不确定性分析,但SUFI-2方法能通过较少的模拟次数获得更小的模拟不确定性带以及更佳的拟合效果,而GLUE方法在参数不确定性分析方面的表现更佳。对于SWAT模型径流模拟,建议用SUFI-2方法进行校正和模拟结果不确定性分析,用GLUE方法进行参数不确定性分析。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. II. Distribution and abundance of trichoptera

River regulation in the headwaters and middle reaches of the Gunnison River, Colorado, significantly altered distributions and abundances of Trichoptera fauna. Twenty-five species were collected from mainstream samples, with the greatest species richness occurring at an unregulated, rhithron segment above the central reach dams. At sites immediately below the three hypolimnial-release dams and a reregulation dam, species richness was reduced 35–90 per cent and abundance > 95 per cent. Net-spinning caddisflies were the dominant trichopterans at unregulated sites; Arctopsyche grandis in the upper reaches (218 organisms, 586 mg dry mass m^?2) and Hydropsyche cockerelli, H. occidentalis and Cheumatopsyche pettiti in the lower river (9041 total organisms, 6621 mg m^?2), downstream from the last dam. The observed distributional pattern of low trichopteran densities in dam tailwaters and high hydropsychid densities at sites 60–80 km below the central reach dams is a classic expression of continuum resets and adjustments in response to stream regulation as predicted by the Serial Discontinuity Concept.     

Surveying for Water Resources

Abstract

A professional Land Surveyor (Geomatician) describes the Hydrogeologists' survey requirements of a major water resources assessment for the government of The Sultanate of Oman (1992 to 1996). The need for objective specifications is stated. Specialist terms like geoid, spheroid, Mean Sea Level are explained and how to relate spheroidal levels to the geoid. Methods like traditional survey, satellite survey, and photogrammetry are introduced. The paper encourages coordinated working for the benefit of water resource assessment and recommends employment of the professional land surveyor for major studies.     

浅谈优化Vray渲染在制作三维场景的应用研究

用Vray三维渲染引擎来渲染三维场景,其质量和速度是由一些影响因素和参数设置决定的,不同的参数和因素,可以得出不同的三维渲染效果.因此,分析、优化三维渲染质量和速度的影响因素,正确、合理的选择参数对提高Vray最后渲染阶段的质量和速度非常重要.     

固结、渗流和沉积控制方程研究

本文从两相流体动力学的守恒方程出发，考虑固相、液相的相对运动，推导了可以考虑场的不均匀性和流体压缩性的统一形式的控制方程，并对方程所基于的物理概念和相互联系进行了必要的分析。通过对方程适当形式的表达，可导出用于大、小变形固结、渗流和沉积的简化方程，显示了在不同领域的三个理论存在一定的统一性。方程推导过程并未对本构关系加以限制，适用范围较广。依据实际问题的要求，作了不同形式的简化。     

四川省及重庆市中型水电站效益分析

该文分析了四川省及重庆市几座中型水电站的调查材料表明：四川省及重庆市中型水电站不仅在川渝主网和地方电网中起着很大的作用，并具有巨大的社会效益，同时还有综合利用效益，说明修建中型水电站的优越性．