环氧环己烷废液中1,2-环己二醇合成己二酸的工艺研究

针对环氧环己烷生产废液中25%浓度的1,2-环己二醇合成己二酸工艺进行研究。以铜和钒为催化剂,己二酸为目标产物,采用硝酸直接氧化法制备己二酸,探讨了催化剂用量、硝酸浓度、废液加量、反应温度、反应时间等影响因素,得到废液无需处理、直接催化氧化生产己二酸的最佳工艺参数,经工业化应用表明,该工艺技术可有效利用环氧环己烷生产废液中的1,2-环己二醇,收率达到80%以上,减少了环境污染,经济和社会效益显著。     

自还原加回流法合成掺杂Fe、Ni铂基高催化活性和稳定性纳米催化剂

利用自还原结合回流法制备了Pt/FCNT、Pt-Fe/FCNT及Pt-Ni/FCNT纳米催化剂。采用循环伏安加速寿命实验,对三种催化剂进行电化学稳定性比较测试;并结合电化学活性表面积,氧还原活性和扫描电镜考察所制备催化剂的活性。电化学测试表明,Pt/FCNT、Pt-Fe/FCNT都表现出了高于商业Pt/C催化剂的电化学催化氧化活性。加速寿命试验表明,掺杂了Fe、Ni元素后,Pt-Fe/FCNT及Pt-Ni/FCNT有更高的稳定性,经过1500圈CV扫描后,其电化学活性表面积仅下降了28%,而Pt/FCNT催化剂下降75%,说明掺杂第三种元素有利于提高催化剂的稳定性。     

环己烷氧化法合成己二酸用催化剂的研究进展

环己烷氧化制备己二酸是目前工业制己二酸的最传统、最广泛的工艺。其中环己烷一步法合成己二酸兼顾绿色环保和高效低成本等优势,是最有可能取代两步法合成己二酸的工艺,本文综述了以环己烷为原料一步合成己二酸的催化剂研究进展,并概述了各类催化体系合成方法的优缺点,同时提出了未来的催化剂研究方向。     

负载型Pt-Fe/Al2O3催化剂用于室温催化氧化甲醛

采用胶体沉积法制备不同载体（Ni₂O₃、Co₃O₄、TiO₂、Al₂O₃）的Pt-Fe/MeO_x催化剂用于甲醛室温催化氧化。活性测试表明,以γ-Al₂O₃为载体的Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃催化剂具有较高的催化活性,在25℃时甲醛的转化率可达到100%,而且Pt-Fe/ Al₂O₃催化剂还表现出良好的稳定性。采用各种表征技术对Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃的形貌、价态及氧化还原性等物理化学性质进行了研究,结果表明：Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃催化剂中Pt物种和Fe物种在Al₂O₃载体的表面上均匀分散;二者之间存在着较强的相互作用,在Al₂O₃载体的表面上形成一些类似Pt-O-Fe活性物种,有效促进了Pt-Fe/Al₂O₃催化性能,从而显示出较高的氧化活性。     

过渡金属对Pt/SiC催化剂上CO氧化性能的影响

以SiC为载体、Pt为活性组分、过渡金属Fe、Co和Ni为助剂,采用浸渍法制备CO氧化催化剂。考察浸渍方法、助剂及其负载量、空速和催化剂焙烧温度等对Pt/SiC催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,助剂的加入提高了活性组分Pt在载体表面的分散度,并产生一定的相互作用,从而提高了催化剂活性,其中,铁助剂的助催化效果较好。共浸渍法制备的催化剂的催化活性优于分步浸渍法,Pt-Fe/SiC催化剂制备中焙烧温度500 ℃时,催化剂活性较佳,适量Fe助剂的添加能够显著提高Pt/SiC催化剂的活性。     

过渡金属改性的Pt/n-Al_2O_3在肉桂醛加氢反应中的催化性能

用NaBH4作还原剂,制备了中性氧化铝(n-Al2O3)负载的Pt-M(M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Mn,Sn)双金属催化剂。考察了过渡金属及反应条件对Pt-M/n-Al2O3催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇的影响。结果表明,Fe改性的Pt/n-Al2O3对催化肉桂醛加氢制肉桂醇具有较好的催化性能,当Pt-Fe/n-Al2O3(中性)催化剂中Pt、Fe的含量均为0.3%时,在70℃,2 MPa氢气条件下反应1.5 h,肉桂醛的转化率为100%,肉桂醇选择性高达84.8%。     

Pt/Al_2O_3与Pt/MgO-Al_2O_3催化剂制备及其催化氢能载体甲基环己烷脱氢反应性能

以碱共沉淀法制备Mg-Al水滑石,然后采用浸渍法负载活性组分Pt,经焙烧、氢气还原得到Pt/Al_2O_3与Pt/Mg O-Al_2O_3催化剂,采用XRD、N2吸附-脱附、FT-IR、H2-TPR和Py-IR等分析Mg O的加入对Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂结构性能的影响,并在甲基环己烷连续脱氢反应中对比两种催化剂活性。结果表明,Pt/Mg O-Al_2O_3催化剂比表面积小于Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂,且表面基本无酸性活性中心,但表现出与Pt/Al_2O_3催化剂相同的脱氢活性。在Pt负载质量分数2%、催化剂用量0.5 g、甲基环己烷0.1 m L·min-1纯样进料和325℃反应10 h后,原料平均转化率79.9%,脱氢产物只有甲苯,对应的产氢速率192.8 mmol·(g-metal·min)-1,表现出优良的脱氢活性。     

金属离子催化过氧化氢氧化环己酮合成己二酸

以金属离子为催化剂,30%过氧化氢为氧化剂,在一定条件下氧化环己酮合成己二酸。研究了反应时间、反应温度、pH、30%过氧化氢的添加量、金属离子添加量和4种金属离子对己二酸合成产率的影响。结果表明:合成己二酸的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间4 h,反应温度为70℃,pH=7,30%过氧化氢135 m L,金属离子(Mn2+)添加量0.05 mmol,己二酸的合成产率可达93.1%。四种金属离子催化作用的大小顺序为:Mn2+Zn2+Cu2+Fe2+。     

质子交换膜燃料电池Pt-Fe合金催化剂的合成及性能研究

采用四步电沉积法(FSD)制备了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)用的Pt-Fe/PCE合金催化电极。利用X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对催化剂的微观结构和形貌进行了表征。采用循环伏安(CV)和线性扫描伏安法(LSV)对其电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明,采用四步电沉积法制得的质子交换膜燃料电池Pt-Fe合金催化剂的颗粒粒径细小、分散性好,大大降低了催化剂的生产成本;在Pt层上镀Fe后,形成Pt-Fe合金,其催化活性也大大提高。     

二氧化硅负载磷钨钼酸催化合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮

以二氧化硅负载磷钨钼酸（H_3PW_6Mo_6O_（40）/SiO_2）为催化剂,环己酮和1,2-丙二醇为原料合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮。探讨了H_3PW_6Mo_6O_（40）/SiO_2对缩酮反应的催化活性,研究了酮醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等因素对产物收率的影响。实验结果表明：H_3PW_6Mo_6O_（40）/SiO_2是合成环己酮1,2-丙二醇缩酮的良好催化剂。在固定环己酮用量为0.20mol的情况下,n（环己酮）：n（1,2-丙二醇）=1.0：1.3,催化剂用量占反应物料总质量的0.8%,带水剂环己烷的用量为12mL,反应时间45min的条件下,产品收率可达83.95%。     

ZrO2/SiO2- and La2O3/Al2O3-supported platinum catalysts for CH4/CO2 reforming

Surface-phase ZrO₂ on SiO₂ (SZrOs) and surface-phase La₂O₃ on Al₂O₃ (SLaOs) were prepared with various loadings of ZrO₂ and La₂O₃, characterized and used as supports for preparing Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts. CH₄/CO₂ reforming over the Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts was examined and compared with Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. CO₂ or CH₄ pulse reaction/adsorption analysis was employed to elucidate the effects of these surface-phase oxides.

The zirconia can be homogeneously dispersed on SiO₂ to form a stable surface-phase oxide. The lanthana cannot be spread well on Al₂O₃, but it forms a stable amorphous oxide with Al₂O₃. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts showed higher steady activity than did Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ by a factor of three to four. The Pt/SZrOs and Pt/SLaOs catalysts were also much more stable than the Pt/SiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ catalysts for long stream time and for reforming temperatures above 700 °C. These findings were attributed to the activation of CO₂ adsorbed on the basic sites of SZrOs and SLaOs.     

The effect of ceria content on the performance of Pt/CeO2/Al2O3 catalysts in the partial oxidation of methane

The effect of CeO₂ loading (1–20 wt.%) on the properties and catalytic behaviors of CeO₂–Al₂O₃-supported Pt catalysts on the partial oxidation of methane was studied. The catalysts were characterized by S_BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and oxygen storage capacity (OSC). XRD and TPR results showed that the pretreatment temperature of the support influences on the amount of CeO₂ with fluorite structure. The pretreatment temperature of the support and CeO₂ loading influenced the morphology of Pt. OSC analysis showed a significant increase in the oxygen storage capacity per weight of CeO₂ for samples with high CeO₂ loading (12 and 20 wt.%). TPR analyses showed that the addition of Pt promotes the reduction of CeO₂. This effect was more significant for the catalysts with high CeO₂ loading (≥12 wt.%). The dispersion of Pt, measured by the rate of cyclohexane dehydrogenation, increases with increasing of the pretreatment temperature of the support. It was shown that the kind of the support is very important for obtaining of catalysts resistant to carbon formation. The catalysts with high CeO₂ loading (≥12 wt.%) showed the highest catalytic activity and stability in the reaction of partial oxidation of methane due to a higher Pt–CeO₂ interface.     

Characterization and photocatalytic activity of transition-metal-supported surface bond-conjugated TiO2/SiO2

TM/TiO₂/SiO₂ photocatalysts were prepared by the photodeposition method using transition metal salts (TM=Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cu²⁺) as precursors and the surface bond-conjugated TiO₂/SiO₂ as supporter in N₂ atmosphere, and were characterized by XRD, XPS, UV-Vis diffuse reflection and zeta-potential. Their photocatalytic activities were evaluated using reactive brilliant red K-2G (K-2G) and cationic blue X-GRL (CBX) showing different adsorption behavior on the oxides. Fe, Cu supported TiO₂/SiO₂ can efficiently extend the light absorption to the visible region. XPS analysis verified that the introduction of transition metal lead to the changes of the electronic environmental of Ti cations and the zeta-potential of oxides. As a result, K-2G has higher adsorption on the modified TiO₂/SiO₂ than that on the baked one, while the adsorption of CBX has a little change on the both oxides. At the same time, for the photodegradation of K-2G, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺-modified catalysts show that their photoactivities are 3.3–2.2 times higher than the bare one. On the contrast, all transition-metal-supported catalysts have no significant activity improvement except that Fe/TiO₂/SiO₂ shows 1.68 times higher activity for the photodegradation of CBX. The results indicate that the photoactivity could be increased in photodegradation of dyes by changing the performances of adsorption to dyes and absorption to light of photocatalyst.     

Nano-stuctured Pt-Fe/C as cathode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell

Pt-Fe/C catalysts were prepared by a modified polyol synthesis method in an ethylene glycol (EG) solution, and then were heat-treated under H₂/Ar (10 vol.%) at moderate temperature (300 °C, Pt-Fe/C300) or high temperature (900 °C, Pt-Fe/C900). As comparison, Pt-Fe/C alloy catalyst was prepared by a two-step method (Pt-Fe/C900B). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that particles size of the catalyst increases with the increase of treatment temperatures. Pt-Fe/C300 catalyst has a mean particle size of 2.8 nm (XRD), 3.6 nm (TEM) and some Pt-Fe alloy was partly formed in this sample. Pt-Fe/C900B catalyst has the biggest particle size of 6.2 nm (XRD) and the best Pt-Fe alloy form. Cyclicvoltammetry (CV) shows that Pt-Fe/C300 has larger electrochemical surface area than other Pt-Fe/C and the highest utilization ratio of 76% among these Pt-based catalysts. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) cathodic curves show that Pt-Fe/C300 has the highest oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mass activity (MA) and specific activity (SA), as compared with Pt/C catalyst in 1.0 M HClO₄. However, Pt-Fe/C catalyst does not appears to be a more active catalyst than Pt/C for ORR in 1.0 M HClO₄ + 0.1 M CH₃OH. Pt-Fe/C300 exhibits higher ORR activity and better performance than other Pt-Fe/C or Pt/C catalysts when employed for cathode in direct methanol single cell test, the enhancement of the cell performance is logically attributed to its higher ORR activity, which is probably attributed to more Pt⁰ species existing and Fe ion corrosion from the catalyst.     

Low temperature oxidation of CO over tin-modified Pt/SiO2 catalysts

Low temperature oxidation of CO over alloy type Sn–Pt/SiO₂ catalysts with different Sn/Pt ratios has been investigated at different CO partial pressure using thermal programmed oxidation (TPO) technique and time on stream (TOS) experiments. The introduction of tin into platinum strongly increased the activity of the catalyst. The activity had a maximum, which depended on both the Sn/Pt (at./at.) ratio and the CO partial pressure. TOS experiments revealed the aging of the Sn–Pt/SiO₂ catalysts. FTIR and Mössbauer spectroscopy has been used to follow compositional and structural changes of Sn–Pt/SiO₂ catalysts during the catalytic run. The results show that the in situ formed, highly mobile “Snⁿ⁺–Pt” ensemble sites are responsible for high activity, while formation of relatively stable SnO_x type surface species are involved in the catalyst deactivation.     

载体对铁基整体式催化剂上丙烯催化还原NO的影响

以Al₂O₃、SiO₂和TiO₂为载体,采用凝胶-溶胶法和浸渍法制备铁基堇青石整体式催化剂,并对其丙烯选择性催化还原NO性能进行了研究。通过N₂物理吸附/脱附、XRD、SEM、H₂-TPR、Py-FTIR和原位DRIFTS技术对催化剂进行了表征。不同载体对催化剂的表面酸性、氧化还原性能、比表面积和表面形貌有显著影响,从而导致丙烯还原NO的催化活性明显差异。C₃H₆-SCR的催化活性按Fe/Al₂O₃/CM > Fe/SiO₂/CM > Fe/TiO₂/CM依次降低。在450℃的有氧条件下,在Fe/Al₂O₃/CM上催化C₃H₆还原NO效率可达到100%,这主要是因为较好的氧化还原性能和丰富的Lewis酸性位。基于原位的DRIFTS研究表明,Lewis酸性位的增加有助于促进形成NO₂/NO₃^-物种,从而提高了催化性能。     

Tetralin hydrogenation catalyzed by Mo2C/Al2O3 and WC/Al2O3 in the presence of H2S

Supported molybdenum and tungsten carbides were synthesized by temperature-programmed reactions. These materials were characterized by XRD, EDS analysis, HRTEM and CO chemisorption. Hydrogenation of tetralin was carried out at a total pressure of 4 MPa (3.06 MPa of H₂), at 573 K, without or with sulfur (200 ppm of sulfur as DMDS). The resulting activities were compared with those of MoS₂/Al₂O₃ and Pt (1% (w/w) metal loading) supported on Al₂O₃ or SiO₂. In the absence of sulfur, WC/Al₂O₃ showed an initial activity similar to that of Pt/SiO₂, higher than that of MoS₂/Al₂O₃ but lower than that of Pt/Al₂O₃. In the presence of H₂S, WC/Al₂O₃ showed a steady-state activity similar to that of Pt/Al₂O₃ (which suffered a marked deactivation). Post-reaction characterization did not show any sulfur poisoning of the supported carbides. Therefore the supported carbides are sulfur-tolerant and promising catalysts for the hydrogenation of aromatics in diesel fuels in the presence of small amounts of S-containing compounds.     

Simultaneous HDS and HDN over supported PtSn catalysts in comparison to commercial NiMo/Al2O3

The performance of platinum-tin catalysts, supported on Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ and subjected to reduction prior to use, has been studied. The catalysts were characterized in reduced forms by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and XPS. The surface properties were determined by N₂ BET specific surface area and CO chemisorption. The model compounds were 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6DMDBT) and carbazole. The PtSn catalysts supported on either Al₂O₃ or SiO₂ were characterised by high activity, but the catalyst PtSn/SiO₂ was found the most effective, even more effective than the commercial KF848 catalyst. Both PtSn catalysts studied were more effective in the reaction of 4,6DMDBT hydrogenation, the dominant product obtained with the use of PtSn/Al₂O₃ was methyl-cyclohexyltoluene (MCHT) and with PtSn/SiO₂ the dominant product was dimethylbicyclohexyl (DMBCH). The amount of dimethylbiphenyl (DMBPh) obtained was small and practically independent of the contact time. In the HDN reaction of carbazole the most active was PtSn/SiO₂. It was also more active in the consecutive reaction of isomerisation of the main product of the HDN reaction, bicyclohexyl (BCH) to methylcyclopentylcyclohexane (MCPCH). The large differences shown in the hydrotreating activity specially in the HDN reaction between PtSn catalysts supported on Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ result from the physicochemical properties of both samples. The significantly higher CO chemisorption for PtSn/SiO₂ indicates the presence of larger amount of metallic species and better hydrogenation properties so important for deep hydrotreating process.     

大颗粒SiO_2载体负载Ir/FeO_x催化剂的巴豆醛加氢性能

选择粒径(1~3)mm的Si O2为载体,采用浸渍法制备Ir/Fe Ox/Si O2催化剂,考察Fe含量对催化剂气相巴豆醛选择加氢反应性能的影响,采用X射线粉末衍射、拉曼光谱及光电子能谱等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,随着Fe添加量的增加,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率和反应10 h时巴豆醇选择性呈现先提高后下降趋势,n(Fe)∶n(Ir)=1.0时,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率最高(达67%);n(Fe)∶n(Ir)=0.3时,反应1 h时巴豆醛转化率和反应10 h时巴豆醇选择性分别达88%和95%,反应过程中催化剂表面积炭是导致巴豆醛转化率降低的主要原因。对于同种催化剂,反应后电子结合能往低结合能方向偏移可能是导致选择性提高的原因。