环形直流微电网故障分析与保护

直流微电网故障的快速检测与切除是提高其运行可靠性的关键。电流差动保护可快速有选择地切除故障,但受短路阻抗影响较大,在高阻抗短路时可能拒动。针对环形直流微电网,文中提出基于母线功率变化率的差动保护,由母线两侧功率变化率作为差动量,在区内故障时,母线功率变化率差动值大于动作值,保护动作切除故障线路。功率变化率差动值与短路电流平方及短路阻抗成正比,相比电流量保护,具有更快的故障识别速度和更高的保护灵敏度。仿真结果验证了所提保护方案具有更好的速动性、灵敏性,提高了环形直流微电网的可靠性和稳定性。     

基于小波变换的电流行波母线保护的研究(一)--原理与判据

传统的母线差动保护受负荷电流、电流互感器饱合、过渡电阻等因素的影响比较严重.为进一步提高母线保护的动作速度和灵敏性,本文提出了基于故障电流行波的行波母线保护原理.以一个半断路器母线接线型式为例,对母线区内外故障的情况以及各种因素对它的影响进行了分析,给出了相应的动作判据.理论分析表明,利用电流行波实现的母线保护具有动作速度快,灵敏度高和简单可靠等特点.     

基于阻抗复数平面的自适应距离保护方案应用中的 正则性问题研究

当双馈风电场送出线发生短路故障时,基于傅里叶算法的传统距离保护受双馈风机频偏特性以及过渡电阻的影响,保护动作性能较差。因此,通过分析保护安装处测量阻抗与故障点阻抗的关系,采用一种抗过渡电阻的新型自适应距离保护。针对该保护中出现的病态化问题,采用正则化处理病态表达式,在线修改自适应系数使保护的动作边界随自适应系数动态调整。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台搭建双馈风机电磁暂态仿真模型,考虑不同风电场规模和风速变化,对比分析传统距离保护和自适应距离保护的动作特性。结果表明自适应距离保护的动作性能较好,可靠性更高。     

基于暂态行波时频特征的输电线路故障检测与选相方法

基于暂态量的故障时刻检测与故障选相方法速度快、灵敏度高,符合发展超高速保护的要求.输电线路故障产生的暂态行波信号在时域上和频域上都包含了丰富的故障信息,首先利用小波的多分辨率分析对三相暂态电流行波进行分解并将其重构至不同频段;然后在一时频窗内定义信号的时频特征向量以充分反映信号的时频特征,并利用相关系数来刻画信号的时频特征及其变化规律,以此提出基于暂态行波时频特征的输电线路故障检测与故障选相方法.该方法的可靠性及适应性由基于 PSCAD/EMTDC 的仿真试验验证.仿真试验结果表明,基于时频特征的故障检测精度高,故障选相结果准确,且不受故障距离、故障时间、过渡电阻的影响,同时所需故障数据窗短,对实现超高速保护有积极的借鉴意义     

Positional protection of transmission line using fault generatedhigh frequency transient signals

This paper presents a new technique for high-speed protection of transmission lines, the positional protection technique. The technique uses a fault transient detector unit at the relaying point to capture fault generated high frequency transient signals contained in the primary currents. The decision to trip is based on the relative arrival times of these high frequency components as they propagate through the system. Extensive simulation studies of technique were carried out to examine the response to different power system and fault conditions. Results show that the scheme is insensitive to fault type, fault resistance, fault inception angle and system source configuration, and that it is able to offer both very high accuracy and speed in fault detection     

Fast and accurate parameter estimation algorithm for digital distance relaying

Response of digital distance relaying depends on the fast and accurate calculation of parameters such as voltage and current phasors and fault impedance. This paper describes a new apparent impedance estimation algorithm that is based on modal components theory. It is shown in the paper that the proposed algorithm has several advantageous features in terms of speed and accuracy over previously suggested symmetrical and modal components based algorithms. The paper discusses a procedure for deriving a fault impedance estimation algorithm that can be used for protecting power transmission lines. The proposed algorithm was evaluated using an alternative transient program (ATP). The program models a power system, simulates many fault conditions on a selected transmission line and generates fault data. The relay software then obtains filtered, scaled and sampled data and calculates fault impedance using the proposed algorithm. The relay characteristic makes trip decisions based on the fault impedance estimates. The paper shows the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for first zone distance protection. Some results of these studies are presented and discussed in the paper.     

基于测量波阻抗相位特征的三端混合直流线路纵联保护

线路的后备保护在混合直流输电系统中至关重要,但现有后备保护受分布电容和过渡电阻的影响较大,严重影响保护的可靠性和快速性。为解决上述问题,提出一种基于测量波阻抗相位特征的混合三端直流线路纵联保护方案。通过分析混合直流输电线路区内、外故障时线路两端测量波阻抗的差异性,利用S变换提取单频率的电压、电流初始行波,根据测量波阻抗相位差异构造判据区分区内、外故障。PSCAD 仿真表明,所提保护方案能可靠快速地识别区内外故障,具有较强的耐受过渡电阻的能力,并且不受故障电阻和分布电容的影响,有效提高了线路后备保护的可靠性和快速性。     

井下高压电网保护定值仿真校验系统

井下高压供电系统中,不能通过在现场做短路实验判断保护定值是否满足选择性与可靠性要求,故本文提出了煤矿井下高压电网保护定值仿真校验系统,通过该系统模拟井下故障检验保护定值的选择性与可靠性。提出了井下高压电网保护定值仿真校验系统整体设计方案,基于广度优先搜索算法对井下供电系统进行拓扑自学习,以获取的拓扑模型为基础提出了故障电流计算方法和定时过流保护、瞬时速断保护、过负荷保护的仿真校验算法。实验结果表明,系统能够检验速断保护与定时过流保护配合是否合理,以及各段保护当前设置是否会造成停电面积扩大等问题,有效实现了井下高压供电系统继电保护定值的仿真检验。     

Stochastic analysis of fault-induced transients for distance relaying application

It is well known that the operation of distance relays relies on the power frequency components to calculate the fault impedance and hence make decision on tripping. It is also discovered that the transient induced during fault has a significant effect on the performance of distance protection, especially on that of the high-speed protection. A better understanding on fault transient can lead to a better relay design and better performance in terms of speed and relay reach. This paper analyzes the fault transients in EHV transmission lines by using time-domain stochastic techniques. Major emphasis are placed in the investigation into the differences between the fault transient attributes of different fault types and the transient features of the composite signals used in distance relay, such as the phase-to-phase quantities. This investigation leads to the development of adaptive approaches that can be implemented in digital distance relays in order to achieve an improved relay performance.     

超高压输电线路新型单端超高速保护研究

提出了一种基于小波框架理论的新型暂态量保护原理,利用单端暂态民汉的能量突变,检测故障发生作为保护的启动元件,利用一个时间段内不同频率分量的衰减程度来区分区内和区外故障,大大提高了暂态量保护的可靠性;为了解电压接近零点故障时灵敏度下降问题,利用暂态电流信号奇异点（突变点）的奇异性不同作为区分区内、区外故障的辅助判据。使得保护动作速度和可靠性都有很大提高。     

电力系统的集成保护

通过介绍一种新颖的配电网保护方案来阐述集成保护的优越性。这个基于暂态极性方向比较的保护方案以伴随故障出现的暂态电流信号的检测和处理为基础,在配电网的各个变电站安装有专门设计的保护继电器,继电器的暂态检测单元检测故障生成的故障分量电信号,并将暂态极性识别算法应用于叠加故障分量信号上,判断信号的极性。通过对来自连接到变电站的所有线路的信号极性进行比较,可以确定出故障的方向。通过处理来自各变电站的方向信息,判别出实际的故障线路,从而实现电网的集成保护。     

A new PMU based power swing detector to prevent mal-operation of distance relay

In conventional transmission line protection, a distance relay is used to provide the primary as well as remote backup protection. The voltage and current phasors measurement needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swing. Consequently, this power swing may cause mal-operation of Zone three distance relays which in turn may affect on the reliability of the whole protective scheme. To mitigate these effects and hence improve the relay reliability, this work proposes a new real-time power swing detector using phasor measurement units for blinding the distance relay only during this transient disturbance. However, this developed detector will not block relay when the power swing accompanied with faults. To validate the present work, the performance of developed enhanced distance relay is tested by signals generated by Simulink/MATLAB simulator under different conditions. The test results show that this proposed scheme provides good discrimination between the transient currents and the fault current which in turn it may contribute in enhancing the reliability of Distance relay.     

小电阻接地系统接地故障反时限零序过电流保护

现有的小电阻接地系统接地保护主要采用定时限零序过电流保护,定值较高,高阻接地时容易拒动。结合反时限过电流保护的特点,在分析小电阻接地配电网单相接地故障零序电流分布特征的基础上,提出一种改进的反时限零序过电流保护方法。通过各条出线保护间的横向配合,可使保护的启动电流定值无须躲过本线路的最大对地电容电流,显著降低了其启动门槛值,提高了高阻接地故障保护能力。通过MATLAB仿真验证了提出的反时限零序过电流保护的速动性和可靠性。     

基于选择不同暂态阻抗的分布式电源接入容量分析

含分布式电源（DG）的配电网在发生短路故障时,DG注入的电流可能会导致过电流保护误动,因此需要根据电流保护分析DG的准入容量问题。首先分析各个故障点对电流Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ段保护可能产生的影响,提出了基于选择不同DG暂态阻抗的计算最大接入容量的方法。对于电流保护Ⅰ段采用分布式电源的次暂态阻抗,对于电流保护Ⅱ段和Ⅲ段则采用分布式电源的暂态阻抗,得出了DG最大容量的约束条件,最后通过仿真说明了该方法既符合DG实际的暂态过程,又能在满足现有电流保护不误动的条件下得到DG的最大容量。     

一种输电线路超高速方向保护方法

通过深入分析故障暂态电流在超高压母线系统中的传播特性、故障初始角与暂态电阻对故障高频暂态电流能量影响,首先将母线两侧故障高频暂态电流的能量作差,然后将故障高频暂态电流能量差按照故障初始角与暂态电阻进行归算,利用归算后的故障高频暂态电流能量差可以准确判断故障方向。根据线路两端的方向判断结果便可准确判断被保护线路是否故障。该保护方法消除了故障初始角与暂态电阻对暂态保护的影响,具有高可靠性和灵敏度。在三相500k V电力系统中,考虑各种典型故障情况,使用ATPDraw对该算法进行了大量仿真分析。仿真结果表明,应用该算法实现超高输电线路的超高速保护是可行的。     

基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法

针对传统特高压保护方法难以直接应用于特高压半波长交流输电系统的问题,提出基于改进暂态能量方向的半波长输电线路保护方法。半波长输电线路测量阻抗随故障位置不再呈现单一线性变化,导致传统距离保护不能直接应用于半波长输电线路,而行波在超长线路上衰减损耗极大,难以准确检测行波波头,故行波保护亦难以用于半波长输电线路保护。因此,提出一种基于改进暂态能量的方向保护方法,通过线路两端检测到的暂态电气量计算输电线路三相瞬时功率,并通过瞬时功率的积分求取暂态能量,以暂态能量的极性构造区内、区外故障判据。经大量仿真验证,无论故障点位于线路何处该方法均能够可靠实现区内、区外故障辨识,此外暂态能量极性不受故障角、过渡电阻改变而改变,所需采样率仅10 kHz,仿真结果证明该方法准确、可靠。     

配电网中接地故障检测新思路

提出一种新的适用于中性点不接地或非直接接地配电系统的接地故障检测算法。该方法是基于故障时由暂态电压和暂态电流计算而得到的暂态阻抗,然后根据暂态阻抗计算出的接地电容来实现接地故障的检测。利用M at-lab/S imu link仿真,模拟了3种不同故障条件下的仿真过程,验证了该方法的可行性。最后阐述了测量误差减小的方法以及判定故障整定值的确定。     

基于阻抗修正的反时限过流保护新方案

反时限过流(Inverse-Time Overcurrent, ITOC)保护因其动作时间能跟随故障电流大小变化而变化的特性在中低压配电网中广泛应用。根据反时限过流保护的整定原则,其动作速度易受系统运行方式、故障类型及线路级数影响。另外,分布式电源(DistributedGeneration, DG)的广泛接入也对反时限过电流保护的选择性和速动性带来不利影响。针对上述问题,首先阐述了反时限保护的基本原理及其存在的动作延时过长的问题,并分析了DG接入对反时限过流保护的影响。根据不同位置故障情况下测量阻抗的变化特征,提出了一种基于阻抗修正的反时限过流(Impedance Correction Based Inverse-Time Overcurrent, ICITOC)保护新方案。该方案采用测量阻抗百分比及阻抗修正指数对反时限特性曲线进行修正,可在保证上下级保护配合关系的前提下,最大程度加快保护的动作速度。理论分析和基于PSCAD的仿真结果验证了所提反时限过流保护新方案的正确性及有效性。     

分级可控型高压并联电抗器控制绕组的匝间保护

传统的分级可控型高压并联电抗器(以下简称分级可控高抗)保护装置,通过基于磁平衡的差动保护和控制绕组自产零序过流保护反映其控制绕组的匝间短路故障,存在着灵敏性低、速动性差和定值整定困难等不足。为此,文中提出了一种专用于分级可控高抗控制绕组匝间短路故障的保护新方法。它综合利用分级可控高抗的电压、网侧绕组电流和控制绕组电流等电气量,由差动保护检测元件、零序过流检测元件和区外异常检测元件共同构成,既能提高控制绕组匝间短路故障时保护的速动性、灵敏性和可靠性,又能简化保护定值整定。     

Emulation of Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control for Protection of Series Compensated Transmission Line

Series compensation plays an important role in smart power grid to improve power transfer capacity and voltage profiles. Majority of faults occurring in grid are transient in nature. However, discrimination between transient fault and permanent fault are contemporary problems in the field of distance protection of transmission line. Auto-reclosure is one of the foremost solutions for the same. This paper demonstrates implementation of auto-reclosing scheme using Modified Full Cycle Discrete Fourier Transform with adaptive dead time control. The fault detection logic is based on monitoring impedance trajectory in the R-X diagram of distance relay. The reclosing instance is identified by examining differential voltage across the contacts of circuit breaker. During transient fault condition, based on the time by which the breaker voltage retarded to normal value (below preset threshold) is used to set adaptive dead time of reclosure. Software validations have been performed with the variation in fault location, fault resistance, and fault location with varying line compensation level. Real time validation is also performed using digital signal controller on laboratory prototype. The outcome of simulation and emulation indicates substantial reduction in dead time indicating effectiveness of the developed scheme.