Real and reactive power coordination for a unified power flow controller

This paper proposes a new real and reactive power coordination controller for a unified power flow controller (UPFC). The basic control for the UPFC is such that the series converter of the UPFC controls the transmission line real/reactive power flow and the shunt converter of the UPFC controls the UPFC bus voltage/shunt reactive power and the DC link capacitor voltage. In steady state, the real power demand of the series converter is supplied by the shunt converter of the UPFC. To avoid instability/loss of DC link capacitor voltage during transient conditions, a new real power coordination controller has been designed. The need for reactive power coordination controller for UPFC arises from the fact that excessive bus voltage (the bus to which the shunt converter is connected) excursions occur during reactive power transfers. A new reactive power coordination controller has been designed to limit excessive voltage excursions during reactive power transfers. PSCAD-EMTDC simulation results have been presented to show the improvement in the performance of the UPFC control with the proposed real power and reactive power coordination controller.     

UPFC控制及动态特性实验研究

基于传统的比例—积分控制，提出了统一潮流控制器(unified power flow controller，UPFC)并、串联侧解耦的系统级控制策略，其控制目的是在并联侧维持UPFC并入点的交流电压和直流侧电容电压，在串联侧控制线路有功、无功潮流。文章首先介绍了所研制的UPFC实验系统平台，并在此基础上详细地给出了UPFC系统级控制器的硬件实现，实验平台的通用性决定了不同控制策略可以较容易地实现。为验证所提出的控制策略的控制效果，文中将UPFC实验装置嵌入至自行搭制的等效双机实验系统中，实验结果与 PSCAD/EMT DC仿真环境下的时域动态仿真结果十分相似，从而得到了良好的UPFC动态特性。     

统一潮流控制器的分析与控制策略

文中分析了统一潮流控制器（UPFC）系统的电压、无功功率和有功功率的平衡,得到了与UPFC控制相关的2个重要结论。首先,分析表明在UPFC输入端电压保持不变的情况下,线路无功潮流的变化实际上是由并联变换器提供的;其次,UPFC端电压既可以从发送端控制也可以从接收端控制。基于以上分析,提出了一种新颖的UPFC控制策略。在该策略中并联变换器控制UPFC直流母线电压和输电线无功潮流,而串联变换器控制UPFC输入端母线电压幅值和输电线有功潮流。同时,在控制系统中加入有功／无功功率协调控制,可在潮流调节中获得良好的静态、动态性能。最后,通过实验验证了所提出的控制策略的有效性。     

双电源备用供电型通用潮流控制器

传统的UPFC中的潮流控制和有功功率补偿只是在同一线路上的电源和负载之间进行,因而其潮流控制能力和有功功率补偿的额度有限,不能实现不间断供电。为解决这一缺陷,提出了一种双电源备用供电型通用潮流控制器,该系统由4个共用一条直流母线的变换器构成。在介绍了其数学模型并分析了其主要功能后,详细讨论了其控制策略。MATLAB/SIMULINK环境下仿真研究的结果表明:双电源备用供电型通用潮流控制器能有效提高电力系统的供电可靠性,可实现不间断供电,且能够实现有功功率在不同电源和负载之间的相互补偿。     

UPFC动态模型在电力系统动态分析中的实现

在计及直流电容器动态的UPFC动态模型的基础上,引入交替迭代法实现 了UPFC动态模型与电力系统的接口。应用这种接口处理方法,对含UPFC的电力系统进行了动 态仿真分析。仿真过程中,UPFC的并联侧控制为定端电压控制和定直流电容电压控制,而串 联侧为定线路功率控制或定串联补偿控制。仿真结果表明在UPFC动态模型中计及电容器充 放电动态的必要性,以及接口算法的有效性。并且可以看出不同的控制系统下UPFC的控制性 能差别很大,反映了UPFC在系统中的应用效果对其控制系统的依赖性     

Unified power flow controller models for three-phase power flow analysis

In this paper, three models of the unified power flow controller (UPFC) suitable for three-phase power flow analysis in polar coordinates are presented. The symmetrical components control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the total three-phase active and reactive power flows of the transmission line while the injected shunt voltages and the series voltages are balanced, respectively; the general three-phase control model can be used to control the three shunt phase voltages and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line; the hybrid control model can be used to control the positive-sequence voltage of the shunt bus and the six independent active and reactive power flows of the transmission line. The proposed UPFC models were successfully implemented in a three-phase Newton power flow algorithm in polar coordinates. In the implementation of these UPFC models, transformers of some common connection types, which connect the UPFC with the network, are explicitly represented. Numerical results based on a five-bus system and the modified IEEE 118-bus system are given to illustrate the UPFC control models and demonstrate the computational performance of the three-phase Newton power flow algorithm.     

A novel component minimized converters for unified power flow controller

In this paper a novel configuration employing multistage two-leg three phase converters for UPFC is proposed. The switching level modeling of UPFC is carried out using IGBT based shunt and series converters. The proposed converter has the capability of delivering sinusoidal input current with unity power factor and bidirectional power flow. The operating performance of UPFC is demonstrated on Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system and IEEE 14 Bus system for different load conditions. The real and reactive power tracings through the transmission lines in the system are obtained. The simulation study is carried out in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The proposed topology effectively controls the real and reactive power flow in the transmission lines. This model considerably improves the system stability by damping the oscillation during the vulnerable conditions.     

Investigation of SSR characteristics of unified power flow controller

The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the most versatile flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controller which can be used to control active and reactive power flows in a transmission line in addition to the bus voltage. The active series compensation is provided by injecting series reactive voltage. The voltage at the two ports of UPFC are regulated by control of shunt current and series real voltage. It also has several operating control modes such as voltage and power regulation, line impedance compensation, etc. This paper presents the analysis and study of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) characteristics of UPFC. The various combination of operating modes of shunt and series converters are considered for investigating their effect on SSR characteristics.The analysis of SSR with UPFC is carried out based on frequency domain method, eigenvalue analysis and transient simulation. The frequency domain method considers D-Q model of UPFC for the computation of damping torque for quick check in determining torsional mode stability. The study is performed on IEEE First Benchmark Model (FBM).     

统一潮流控制器并联变换器的改进型双环控制系统

分析了统一潮流控制器并联变换器在电力系统中的调节作用以及工作原理，建立了并联变换器的数学模型，提出了一种改进的双环PI解耦控制系统。采用电流前馈与PI调节共同控制变换器有功电流分量，稳定直流侧电容电压。UPFC接入端的节点电压控制采用PI调节和下垂特性组成的自动电压调整控制策略。控制系统在15 kVA的UPFC物理模型中得以实现，这种控制系统有利于加快并联变换器的动态响应，降低直流母线电压的波动，有效地控制UPFC接入端节点电压，仿真及实验结果都证明了控制系统的正确性和有效性。     

双电源交错备用型通用电能质量控制器

传统的通用电能质量控制器(GPQC)直流侧如果没有储能装置,则无法实现不间断供电;即使直流侧装设储能装置,蓄电池储能或超级电容器储能都存在补偿时间、补偿容量及使用寿命均有限等问题。为此提出了一种由两个并联变换器和两个串联变换器构成(每一个并联变换器和串联变换器都通过一个直流电容交错的连接在一起)的新双电源交错备用型通用电能质量控制器(DPS-GPQC)和一种简单有效的控制策略。DPS-GPQC能够同时补偿电网谐波电压、电压跌落和上升、电压中断、三相电压不平衡、谐波电流及无功电流,且能够实现两个不同电源之间能量的交错备用。基于MATLAB/SIMULINK的仿真结果表明了DPS-GPQC良好的性能和所提控制策略的有效性。因此,所提结构既能同时解决两个不同系统的大多数电能质量问题,又可以有效提高电力系统的供电可靠性。     

统一潮流控制器并联变换器的改进型双环控制系统

分析了统一潮流控制器并联变换器在电力系统中的调节作用以及工作原理，建立了并联变换器的数学模型，提出了一种改进的双环PI解耦控制系统。采用电流前馈与PI调节共同控制变换器有功电流分量，稳定直流侧电容电压。UPFC接入端的节点电压控制采用PI调节和下垂特性组成的自动电压调整控制策略。控制系统在15 kVA的UPFC物理模型中得以实现，这种控制系统有利于加快并联变换器的动态响应，降低直流母线电压的波动，有效地控制UPFC接入端节点电压，仿真及实验结果都证明了控制系统的正确性和有效性。     

Modeling of the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC)in a nonlinear interior point OPF

With the progress of installing the latest generation of FACTS devices, namely, the convertible static compensator (CSC), several innovative operating concepts have been introduced to the historic development and application of FACTS. One of the novel concepts is the generalized unified power flow controller (GUPFC) or multi-line UPFC, which can control bus voltage and power flows of more than one line or even a sub-network. The GUPFC should have stronger control capability than the UPFC. A mathematical model for the GUPFC consisting of one shunt converter and two or more series converters is developed and implemented in a nonlinear interior point OPF algorithm. Numerical results with various GUPFC devices based on the IEEE 30 bus system and IEEE 118 bus system demonstrate the feasibility as well as the effectiveness of the GUPFC model established and the OPF method proposed     

含统一潮流控制器装置的电力系统动态混合仿真接口算法研究

提出了一种新的含UPFC装置的电力系统动态混合仿真接口算法，算法中对UPFC采用动态相量建模，对电力系统网络则采用成熟的机电暂态仿真。仿真中UPFC并联侧采用定交流母线电压控制和定直流电容电压控制，串联侧采用定线路潮流控制。文中推导了UPFC的动态相量模型，讨论了与网络机电暂态模型的接口算法。研究分析和算例仿真表明：使用动态相量建模可精确地仿真UPFC的电磁暂态（EMT）过程，且仿真速度快；文中所提混合仿真方案能保证较快的仿真速度和优良的仿真精度，具有较好的收敛性，且可用于含UPFC等FACTS装置的系统发生不对称故障时的暂态稳定分析。     

Strategies for handling UPFC constraints in steady-state power flowand voltage control

The unified power flow controller (UPFC), with its unique combination of fast shunt and series compensation, is a powerful device which can control three power system parameters. In planning and designing such devices in power systems, power engineers must consider the impact of device internal limits on its performance. This paper develops a power injection model (PIM) based UPFC control approach to consider a number of internal limits imposed on the UPFC, including series injection voltage magnitude, line current through the series inverter, real power transfer between the shunt inverter and series inverter, shunt side current and shunt injection voltage magnitude. Constrained control strategies are proposed and tested on a 28-node test system. The numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method     

Investigation of performance of UPFC without DC link capacitor

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamic operation of unified power flow controller without DC link capacitor. In this scheme of UPFC the shunt converter present in the static synchronous compensator is operated as a current source rectifier, which maintains a fixed DC voltage and DC current on the DC link without capacitor. The capacitor in the DC link is replaced by an AC filter on the line side with a very small value to reduce higher order harmonics. The voltage source inverter present in the series compensator is operated with space vector modulation technique. The proposed scheme is fully validated through digital simulation. The simulated results show that the DC link voltage is maintained constant without DC link capacitor; STATCOM provides good voltage regulation and static synchronous series compensator influences power flow over the transmission line. Transient responses of single machine infinite bus power system have also been presented.     

Research on Combined Multilevel Converter Topologies

提出了以减少多电平变换器中筘位器件的数量为目的的拓扑生成原则,并基于该原则,研究了适用于中压场合的2类新型多电平拓扑。其中一类是通过组合传统的二极管箝位型或飞跨电容型拓扑与两电平桥臂得到的组合型拓扑;另一类是飞跨电容型拓扑的新型组合策略,它考虑了开关管数量和电容电压平衡之间的折衷。这2类新型拓扑都能以较少的器件输出较多的电平数,因此提高了系统可靠性,降低了成本。但是这2类拓扑的缺点是,某些器件需要承受大于1倍的单个电平电压,所以它们更适合于中压高性能的应用场合。仿真和实验结果验证了新型拓扑的有效性。     

A Class of Quasi-Cuk DC/DC Converters: Steady-State Analysis and Design

In this paper, new topologies for quasi-Cuk converter are proposed. The proposed converters with different voltage and current transfer ratio and reduced voltage stress on capacitor can be employed in distributed generation (DG) systems. In this paper, steady-state analysis of two proposed quasi-Cuk converters in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented. Then, besides values designing of used elements, maximum and minimum values of their current and voltage are calculated. Moreover, critical inductances between CCM and DCM for the proposed converters are calculated. Unique features of the proposed converters are different transfer ratio without employing additional elements compared to the conventional Cuk converter. Comparison of the proposed converters with conventional converter in terms of voltage transfer ratio, voltage stress on capacitor, and voltage stress on switch demonstrates advantages of the proposed converters. Finally, experimental results to verify the accuracy of the proposed converters in different operating modes are presented.     

UPFC控制器的设计

采用功率模型描述含UPFC的网络方程,在该网络方程基础上并联侧采用电压控制/无功电流控制,串联侧采用自动潮流控制/电压注入的控制策略。提出了UPFC控制器物理实验装置的实现方案。仿真结果证明采用该方法,UPFC能快速有效地改善系统的电压和潮流。     

Parallel single-phase ac–dc–ac shared-leg converters: Modelling,control and analysis

Reversible single-phase to single-phase dc-link converters are proposed and analyzed in this paper. They are composed of paralleled rectifiers and inverters sharing one or two legs with one or two dc-links. Modelling and a control strategy of the systems including circulating currents are developed. Compared to the conventional single-phase to single-phase dc-link converter, the proposed topologies permit to reduce: (i) the current and power ratings of the power switches, (ii) the harmonic distortion, and (iii) the dc-link capacitor losses. Additionally, the semiconductor losses of the proposed converters are smaller than that of the conventional one. Simulated and experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the viability of the proposed circuits.     

基于MPPMSG及混合式3L变流器的新型风电变换系统的设计和比较

在MW级大功率直驱风电系统中,发电机出口电压等级经常采用较低的690V,因此额定电流等级比较高,这对于全功率变流器设计是不利的.常规的解决方案是采用传统的两电平变流器并联来分摊容量,但是这是一种效率不高的解决方案.相比之下,多电平变流器具有较高的效率以及优越的谐波性能,只是在低压应用中半导体成本很高,而且还存在电容电压...