前排座椅参数设计对后排乘员的安全性仿真分析

为了研究前排座椅参数对后排乘员在正面碰撞时的安全性影响,使用碰撞软件MADYMO建立包括车体、5%女性假人、安全带在内的某款轿车后排乘员正面碰撞仿真模型。通过试验样车碰撞结果与模型仿真结果的对比,验证模型有效性。在此模型基础上,分析前排座椅头枕和靠背参数对后排乘员的HIC、胸部3ms、胸部压缩量和左右大腿力的损伤值影响,得到了前排座椅参数与后排乘员伤害值的关系,提出减小后排乘员伤害的方法。     

高速列车座椅间距对乘员二次碰撞伤害的影响

为研究高速列车座椅间距对乘员碰撞伤害的影响,在欧洲列车乘员伤害仿真、试验和评价标准的基础上,参考我国列车客室设施与布置,采用MADYMO Hybrid Ⅲ 50％假人,建立高速列车碰撞事故乘员二次碰撞仿真模型．通过仿真分析比较不同座椅间距对乘员伤害的影响．研究表明,合适的座椅间距能减小乘员的HIC（Head Injury Criterion）值和碰撞的相对速度,从而减小乘员伤害概率．     

增高座椅性能参数影响及损伤仿真分析

为了降低儿童乘员在碰撞过程中胸部和头部的损伤率,对增高座椅儿童约束系统进行参数化分析。本文采用多体动力学软件MADYMO建立儿童乘员碰撞仿真模型,并按照FMVSS213法规验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,以头部质心合成加速度、头部损伤准则HIC36、胸部合成加速度为损伤指标,分析增高座椅与台车座椅之间的摩擦系数、汽车座椅安全带刚度、增高座椅在高度方向上变化对儿童损伤的影响,仿真结果表明:在增高座椅底面涂以摩擦材料以提高摩擦系数,适当提高安全带刚度及维持现有座椅高度可以显著减少儿童在碰撞过程中的头部和胸部损伤。     

正面40%偏置碰撞时后排乘员安全性的仿真分析

为了减小后排乘员在偏置碰撞中受到的伤害,运用MADYMO软件建立包括汽车车身、前后排座椅、三点式安全带、汽车地板、后排5%女性假人的某款汽车后排偏置碰撞的乘员约束系统仿真模型。通过样车试验碰撞结果和模型仿真结果进行对标,验证模型的准确性。在此模型基础上,研究分析前排座椅和安全带等参数对后排乘员安全性的影响,并提出了安全带固定点改进方案,结果表明改进后后排乘员的头部HIC15降低14.2%,颈部张力降低14.4%,有效地保护后排乘员安全。     

简单座椅侧面碰撞有限元仿真研究

利用Hypermesh建立了简单车辆座椅的有限元模型,采用非线性计算仿真软件LS-DYNA进行了侧面碰撞工况下的仿真,通过仿真得到座椅在侧碰过程中各个位置的变形情况。为了减小座椅在侧碰中损坏严重位置处的变形,提高座椅的吸能效果,将方管运用到座椅中,不但分担了座椅承受的外界载荷,同时提高了座椅的吸能效果;其次,为降低乘员在侧碰中所受的冲击,将导引槽引入方管,训练系统不但降低了侧碰时的冲击力,同时保证了在侧碰中吸收的内能,最大程度的保护了乘员。     

汽车侧面碰撞CAE对标分析

为提高整车碰撞安全性能,针对LINCAP工况,将某新车型整车侧面碰撞CAE仿真与试验结果进行对标分析,通过对比可变形壁障及车身侧变形模式、车门变形轮廓曲线、关键点侵入速度等校对有限元模型,验证该侧面碰撞仿真模型的精度和建模方法的有效性.该对标分析可为新车型碰撞安全性能开发的CAE分析提供参考.     

面向行人保护的车辆主动弹起式发动机罩数值仿真

为研究在车辆碰撞过程中主动弹起式发动机罩对行人头部的保护作用,考查行人头部损伤指标HIC值,比较接触式和非接触式发动机罩抬升传感器的动作时序,仿真BUCK标准车模型撞击6岁儿童假人的冲击过程,得到传感器的最小反应时间,据此判断主动弹起式发动机罩的作用效果。采用LS DYNA显式分析算法对某型轿车以45 km/h的初始速度撞击6岁儿童假人进行仿真分析,对比主动弹起式和非主动弹起式发动机罩的行人保护性能及其星级评定结果,由行人头部保护得分占比可知主动弹起式发动机罩可大幅提高行人头部碰撞保护性能。     

基于分布式结构的弹射生理损伤指标测试系统

为提升飞行员弹射救生系统试验中人体生理损伤指标的测试能力和测试可靠性,结合航空仿真试验假人的结构,提出了分布式测试系统的设计、配置方案,设计了系统触发及同步控制电路,试验结果表明,系统能够在不影响假人生物仿真性能的前提下,可靠实现弹射试验人体生理损伤指标的测试.     

面向坐姿舒适性测试的人机工程仿真系统

针对座椅设计及舒适性主客观测试中缺少系统化的计算机辅助分析工具的问题,开发了一个人机工程仿真系统.该系统由主观评价、体压分布测试可视化、人机仿真和参数化辅助设计模块构成,其中主观评价模块基于舒适性主观测试的过程模型,体压分布测试可视化模块通过与外接测试设备的集成实现了实验数据的可视化重建.文中系统具有对虚拟人和CAD模型访问和处理的接口,能对坐姿人机工程测试过程进行仿真,为座椅舒适性设计提供依据.最后在座椅开发的实际应用中验证了其可行性.     

人车碰撞及其保护行为仿真研究

研究行人体型在人车碰撞事故中对关键部位损伤程度的影响规律,针对保护行人安全,建立碰撞力学模型,以多刚体接触动力学为基础,提出进行受撞变形研究,采用ADAMS软件对轿车分别与中国5、50、95百分位三种不同体型男性成年行人的碰撞过程进行仿真.仿真结果表明,随着行人体型的增大,对头部、胸部和下肢的损伤风险都依次增大,而且头部与轿车前端碰撞的位置和时间压间都依次往后推移.从结论中可以看出,应对轿车外置安全气囊,根据不同型体在轿车前端安装合理位置,可有效地起到保护行人的安全作用.     

Effect of the seating condition on the transmission of vibration through the seat pan and backrest

Changes in the seating condition may change the body posture which could affect the transmission of vibration through a vehicle seat. This study investigates the effect of different seating conditions on the transmission of vibration through a car seat. Ten male subjects sat on the passenger seat of a sedan car driven at 60 km/h adopting one of six conditions at a time. The VDV was measured on the seat and backrest. Backrest contact affected the VDV measured on the seat pan in the z- and y-axis only. Increasing the backrest angle increased the VDV at the backrest in the x-direction and reduced the VDV at the backrest in the z-direction. With the increase in the backrest angle, the total VDV at the backrest became higher than the total VDV on the seat pan. The study showed no effect of foot position and contact with a headrest on the VDVs.Relevance to industryThis research presents the effect of the seating condition on the transmission of vibration through the seat pan and backrest of a car seat. Research of this kind may help seat manufacturers recommend seating conditions that reduce discomfort caused by whole-body vibration.     

面向乘客策略行为的航空公司舱位控制与动态定价模型

将动态控制舱位开放作为策略,研究乘客具有策略行为时航空公司舱位控制与动态定价问题.通过建立以舱位开放和价格变化为决策变量的多周期动态规划模型,讨论开放舱位和最优定价应满足的条件,并通过比较得出:实行动态舱位控制策略可缓解乘客策略行为对航空公司期望收益的影响.最后应用算例分析乘客策略程度对航空公司价格和期望收益的影响,同时发现:舱位控制不能完全消除乘客策略行为对期望收益的影响,但供应水平越高或乘客策略程度越大,其缓解策略行为的效果越明显.     

The effects of seat width,load factor,and passenger demographics on airline passenger accommodation

Abstract

The objective of this work is to demonstrate a method for examining the competing effects of secular trends in body size, seat size and configuration, and the increased load factor of aeroplanes. The method uses statistical modelling and virtual fit testing to provide a flexible environment for exploring the impact of various parameters on passenger accommodation. A case study demonstrates the method by exploring the effect of seat width on the accommodation of US civilians (based on seated hip breadth). The case study demonstrates that recent trends of decreasing seat widths and increasing load factors lead to higher disaccommodation. Based on anthropometry and virtual fit, women are also shown to be disproportionately disaccommodated compared to men.

Practitioner summary: Airlines are reducing seat width at the same time that individuals worldwide are getting larger. Flights are increasingly crowded, with load factor at a record high. This paper explores the effects of seat width on passenger accommodation under several scenarios involving load factor, demographics, and passenger seating allocation strategies.     

MEMOSIK V—An active dummy for determining three-directional transfer functions of vehicle seats and vibration exposure ratings for the seated occupant

In collaboration with some of the German automotive industry OEMs, an active vibration dummy called MEMOSIK V, was defined in response to their specific requirements for vibration comfort. The topics described in this paper shall deliver an insight into a selection of the development phases of this development project.

An active, three-dimensional vibration dummy is described with the newly developed MEMOSIK V, which simulates the human dynamic behavior by reproducing an equivalent dynamic mass. This vibration dummy qualifies for replacing the occupant as a test object and measuring instrument and allows the objective and repeatable measurement of the vibration transmission from the vehicle base to the buttocks and the back through the vehicle seat.

Based on extensive measurements of the dynamic mass of the sitting man in the fore-and-aft, the lateral and the vertical direction, the objective functions of the vibration dummy are deduced through a modal identification approach. By integrating these parameterized functions in the control system, the dynamic behavior of the dummy can be adapted to the mass percentiles F05, M50 and M95, as well as to individual people by the software managed modification of the controller setup. The variation in posture is guaranteed for the complete design range of passenger car and commercial vehicle seats. The integrated measurement system permits the objective and repeatable rating of the human exposure ISO 2631-1, 1997. Mechanical vibration and shock—evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration—general requirements] as well as the evaluation of seat transfer functions considering all three directions in space, both on simulator platforms and in mobile use on the road.

Relevance to the industry

Considering the rating of seating and vibration comfort, the automotive industry has to meet the challenge to establish a relationship between the subjective comfort sensation and the objective and measurable physical quantities. Hence, the demand for a measurement system that makes it possible to acquire, reproduce and comprehend the circumstances that define seating and vibration comfort is great and ascending continuously.     

安全气囊对离位乘员造成伤害的机理与改善

为研究乘员离位(Out of Position,OOP)状态下安全气囊(Passenger Airbag, PAB)的展开过程以及如何减少PAB对OOP乘员的伤害,依据FMVSS 208法规,利用Madymo软件模拟OOP状态下前排乘员与PAB的接触过程,分析气囊造成OOP乘员伤害的机理;提出二级燃爆式气囊的改进方案,并对改善效果进行仿真. 结果表明该方案可较好地减小PAB对OOP成员的伤害.     

Coach design for the Korean high-speed train: a systematic approach to passenger seat design and layout

Proper ergonomic design of a passenger seat and coach layout for a high-speed train is an essential component that is directly related to passenger comfort. In this research, a systematic approach to the design of passenger seats was described and the coach layout which reflected the tradeoff between transportation capacity and passenger comfort was investigated for the Korean high-speed train. As a result, design recommendations and specifications of the passenger seat and its layout were suggested. The whole design process is composed of four stages. A survey and analysis of design requirement was first conducted, which formed the base for designing the first and second class passenger seats. Prototypes were made and evaluated iteratively, and seat arrangement and coach layout were finally obtained. The systematic approach and recommendations suggested in this study are expected to be applicable to the seat design for public transportations and to help modify and redesign existing vehicular seats.     

PSM边界条件拟合方法

针对PSM(Prescribed Structure Motion)边界条件有时无法反映真实情况的问题,采用MADYMO PSM SCALING软件将整车有限元侧碰模型的计算结果与实车试验测量得到的车身侧面侵入速度和侵入量进行拟合,获得准确的侧碰仿真模型的边界条件.用初始的PSM边界条件和拟合后的PSM边界条件计算得到...     

The Use of Sheepskin Covers on Vehicle Seats

Driver preference for sheepskin car seat covers has been compared with their preference for other types of car seat overlays by the pair comparison method. The trials were carried out by professional drivers in several types of motor cars and trucks. Overlays were found to improve the comfort of motor car and truck seats. Woolled sheepskins were more comfortable in a popular motor car and in trucks than the other types of overlay tested. In an expensive car with more luxurious seating however they did not add to the comfort of the seat.     

Speed Estimation from a Moving Automobile

An experiment is described in which the role played by the senses of sight and hearing in the estimation of speed from a moving automobile was investigated. Subjects were driven in the front seat of a car whose speedometer was hidden from their view. The subjects' task was to estimate the speed of the car under the following four conditions of sensory awareness: (A) normal passenger; (B) unable to see— the subject wore a blindfold; (C) diminished hearing— the subject wore a sound excluder; (D) the subject wore both a blindfold and a sound excluder. Under all four conditions slow speeds (25 mph or less) were, on average, underestimated. For the two conditions which permitted hearing the mean estimates of normal driving speeds were without systematic error. However, for the two conditions involving diminished hearing the mean estimates were always lower than the set speeds, indicating that the sense of hearing is of great importance in the task of speed estimation. A subjective speed scale, which is not of the common power-law form, is derived for the normal passenger condition. This is used to predict how drivers would perform certain tasks which have previously been investigated experimentally, and the predictions agree satisfactorily with the observations.