一种基于移动阈值的三色标记算法

针对区分服务中存在的带宽分配公平性问题,设计一种新的基于移动阈值的三色标记算法,该三色标记算法的阈值根据流占用带宽的比例情况自动进行调整,从而提高了网络带宽的公平性分配.实验表明,新的三色标记算法比基于时间滑动窗口的三色标记算法的公平性有一定提高,对提高带宽分配公平性具有一定的实用价值.     

确保服务中一种基于动态阈值的数据包标记算法

确保转发过程中带宽享用的公平性问题一直是区分服务网络研究的热点，影响这种公平性的因素包括回路响应时间RTT、数据包大小、目标速率及聚流中包含的单流数量等．确保服务的实现依赖于在边界路由器执行的数据包标记策略和在核心路由器执行的队列管理策略，基于动态阈值的数据包标记策略DTBM的目的就是处理异质的TCP流之间带宽享用的公平性问题。DTBM通过测量局部吞吐量来调整标记算法中的阈值，以改变不同颜色的标记概率从而达到公平带宽享用的目的。DTBM的主要优点在于其实现简单、对参数不是很敏感并且对端结点主机是“透明”的，仿真实验表明，和其他几种标记算法相比，DTBM能有效地消除上述因素的影响，具有更好的公平性。     

基于速率预测的三色标记算法

提出了一种适用于比例区分服务的数据包标记算法——基于速率预测的三色标记算法(Rate Prediction Marker, RPM)。RPM算法基于在线流量预测算法,对DiffServ网络中经过分类器划分的网络流或者进入标记器的网络流进行提前1期流量预测,根据预测结果以及历史流量的均值进行加权后的结果对数据包进行标记。当源端可能进入TCP的拥塞恢复阶段时,按比例将网络中的可用带宽分配给服务聚集流,从而提高网络带宽的利用率。仿真和实验结果表明,RPM算法与现有的算法相比在目标速率影响和带宽吞吐量上具有更好的性能,从而获得了很好的公平性和带宽利用率。     

基于区分服务的分组标记及队列调度策略研究

本文针对区分服务技术的原理和实现,对其体系结构进行分析,包括区分服务的基本原理、体系结构及其支持的服务,研究其实现IPQoS的各种控制策略,通过对分组标记算法的带宽分配公平性分析,提出相应的解决方案,分析SRTCM标记器的工作原理以及标记算法带宽分配公平性问题,通过仿真测试得到WRR调度各业务时,其带宽分配公平性问题。     

CIR、RTT和RTO感知的三色标记算法

往返时间(RTT)、目标速度（CIR）以及重传超时(RTO)等因素导致了带宽分配的不均匀。通过研究带宽与这些因素的关系,在时间滑动窗口三色标记器（TSW3CM）的基础上,提出一种CIR、RTT、RTO感知的标记器(CRR3CM)。该标记器完成了在各汇聚流之间对剩余带宽的公平分配,减少了目标速度、往返时间,以及重传超时因素对带宽分配的影响。模拟实验表明,与TSW3CM相比,该算法有效地提高了TCP流之间带宽分配的公平性。     

一种非TCP友好流惩罚算法

为了改善Internet中各流量带宽分配的不公平性,提出一种适于缓存管理的非TCP友好流的惩罚算法（NFTFP算法）。通过在缓冲区记录每个连接所占用的带宽,对于非TCP友好流量进行识别和惩罚,从而提高不同数据流享用带宽的公平性。仿真实验表明在标准TCP流量和非TCP友好流共存的环境下,NFTFP算法能提高对非TCP友好流的惩罚力度,在保持较高的链路利用率的同时,获得比RED算法更好的公平性。     

FFCS:WiMAX Mesh网络中一种流公平集中式调度算法

在WiMAX Mesh集中式调度模式下,通常难以同时保证带宽分配的公平性和网络的吞吐量,从而造成拥塞或低吞吐量等问题.本文综合考虑公平性和空间重用性两个方面,提出基于流公平的WiMAX Mesh集中式调度模型,将调度问题归结为0-1非线性规划问题.由于非线性规划是一个NP难解问题,难以求出最优解,本文提出一种启发式调度算法FFCS,采用拉斯维加斯随机算法思想,将随机初始调度调换成较优调度,通过增加随机次数取优逼近最优解.仿真实验表明,FFCS在带宽分配的公平性上比两个典型调度算法LIF和MRF略有提高,当带宽请求较少时网络吞吐量分别比两个算法提高了12.2%和19.8%,带宽请求较多时可提高15.5%和21.6%.     

一种基于周期的公平队列拥塞控制机制

分析了网络拥塞时适应流与非适应流之间的差别,及路由器拥塞控制机制在带宽分配公平性方面的不足,提出了一种基于周期的公平队列拥塞控制机制(PBFQ).采用周期性选择丢包的策略,通过合理的动态设置周期大小进行丢包选择来实现对不同数据流提供带宽分配的公平性.仿真实验证明,该算法能保证链路带宽在适应流与非适应流之间公平分配,保护适应流.     

区分服务模式下的自适应三色分组标记算法

在区分服务的体系结构中,基于时间滑动窗口的三色分组标记机制是实现公平性的重要手段之一,根据分组的不同标记,使分组具有不同的丢弃优先级别,从而实现带宽的公平性。但这仍不能从根本上解决带宽共享公平性的问题。在时间滑动窗口的三色分组标记算法的基础上,通过增加公平性因子,自适应的调节标记分组为三色的概率,达到提高带宽共享公平性的目的。仿真实验表明,新的三色分组标记算法的公平性有较大提高。     

Internet带宽分配的公平性研究

依据带宽分配的公平性原则可以实现网络资源的合理分配和利用，从而提高网络的服务质量。根据一广域网模型，介绍了带宽分配的最大－最小公平性和比例公平性，并采用效用函数方法设计了一种带宽分配的最优速率迭代算法。     

Toward end-to-end fairness: a framework for the allocation of multiple prioritized resources in switches and routers

As flows of traffic traverse a network, they share with other flows a variety of resources such as links, buffers and router CPUs in their path. Fairness is an intuitively desirable property in the allocation of resources in a network shared among flows of traffic from different users. While fairness in bandwidth allocation over a shared link has been extensively studied, overall end-to-end fairness in the use of all the resources in the network is ultimately the desired goal. End-to-end fairness becomes especially critical when fair allocation algorithms are used as a component of the mechanisms used to provide end-to-end quality-of-service guarantees. This paper seeks to answer the question of what is fair when a set of traffic flows share multiple resources in the network with a shared order of preference for the opportunity to use these resources. We present the Principle of Fair Prioritized Resource Allocation or the FPRA principle, a powerful extension of any of the classic notions of fairness such as max–min fairness, proportional fairness and utility max–min fairness defined over a single resource. We illustrate this principle by applying it to a system model with a buffer and an output link shared among competing flows of traffic. To complete our illustration of the applicability of the FPRA principle, we propose a measure of fairness and evaluate representative buffer allocation algorithms based on this measure. Besides buffer allocation, the FPRA principle may also be used in other contexts in data communication networks and operating system design.     

基于适应值预测的DABC认知无线电频谱分配算法

针对认知无线网络频谱分配过程存在的问题,提出了基于适应值预测策略的双人工蜂群算法（FP-DABC）。该算法设计的干扰门限阈值,提高了用户的接入数量;适应值预测方法的使用,加快了分配效率;同时算法对频谱分配过程公平性和系统整体性能进行了优化。实验仿真结果表明：FP-DABC算法牺牲了部分网络效益的同时,在用户满意度、分配率、平均分配时间、用户公平性和系统整体性能上均优于颜色敏感图着色算法（CSGC）和人工蜂群算法（ABC）。     

A provision aware proportional fair sharing three colour marker

Traffic conditioners enforce agreements between domains to allow service profiles to conform to subscribers Service Level Agreements. To ensure fairness in the network, these traffic conditioners should allocate bandwidth to subscribers according to their agreed contracted rate and share excess bandwidth in proportion to this agreed rate when the network is over or well provisioned. In instances where the network is under provisioned, the allocation of bandwidth to a subscriber should degrade in proportion to its agreed rate. In this paper a provision aware proportional fair sharing three colour marker is proposed to ensure that these fairness criteria are fulfilled for aggregated flows. Its main contributions are in achieving fairness in under provisioned networks and in the presence of UDP traffic whilst being insensitive to the number of flows in an aggregate. This is demonstrated through a quantitative simulation analysis and also exhibits improved performance over other aggregated approaches, including a recent proposal to provide fairness in under provisioned networks. These results infer that fairness can be achieved by considering the provision of the network in the design of the algorithm, by using separate marking algorithms for TCP and UDP traffic and by using an adaptive factor that mitigates sensitivity to the number of flows in an aggregate.     

基于令牌桶的分级动态流量整形算法

区分服务和流量整形是保证实时应用和关键应用得到相应QoS的重要技术。提出基于二级令牌分配机制的流量整形结构,逐级设计令牌分配的具体算法。该算法使区分服务网络中优先级较高的数据流获得更多的出口带宽资源,同时根据输出需求动态调整同优先级数据流的带宽资源,兼顾优先和公平,提高企业网络出口有限带宽的使用效益。     

An aggregate marker for bandwidth fairness in DiffServ

Surveys and studies on DiffServ exhibit existence of unfairness between aggregates in the excess bandwidth region. Many researchers have proved that providing a proportional fair share of the bandwidth between aggregates solve this. Based on this, aggregate markers such as ItswTCM and I2tswTCM are found to improve bandwidth fairness in DiffServ network among aggregates, when the aggregates are responsive in nature. However, co-existence of non-responsive aggregates with responsive aggregates leads to unfairness. Hence, in this paper an attempt has been made to evade the above unfairness by a new TSW based marker; where the drop precedence of the packet is arrived at an adaptive manner based on its estimated rate and the availability of the network resource. The unique feature of this proposed algorithm is that it provides enhanced fairness not only among responsive aggregates but also between responsive and non-responsive aggregates. Further, simulations have been carried out in NS-2 with changes in RTT, target rate of the aggregates and the number of flows in the aggregate. The results show that the proposed marker reduces the influence of these factors on the fairness performance exhibiting the suitability of the marker for different network topologies.     

高速网络主动队列管理算法

在高速网络中,HRED算法使高速TCP流、普通TCP流和UDP流实现公平共享带宽。HRED利用RED队列的包丢失历史来识别高带宽流,通过对高带宽流进行惩罚,使低带宽流获取更多的带宽。HRED具有良好的扩展性,不需要保持每一流的状态信息。基于NS2的模拟实验证实,HRED可以在高速网络中实现更好的RTT公平性,有效地解决了适应流和非适应流共享带宽的问题。     

A Lightweight Fairness-Driven AQM for Regulating Bandwidth Utilization in Best-Effort Routers

The end-to-end congestion control mechanism of transmission control protocol (TCP) is critical to the robustness and fairness of the best-effort Internet. Since it is no longer practical to rely on end-systems to cooperatively deploy congestion control mechanisms, the network itself must now participate in regulating its own resource utilization. To that end, fairness-driven active queue management (AQM) is promising in sharing the scarce bandwidth among competing flows in a fair manner. However, most of the existing fairness-driven AQM schemes cannot provide efficient and fair bandwidth allocation while being scalable. This paper presents a novel fairness-driven AQM scheme, called CHORD (CHOKe with recent drop history) that seeks to maximize fair bandwidth sharing among aggregate flows while retaining the scalability in terms of the minimum possible state space and per-packet processing costs. Fairness is enforced by identifying and restricting high-bandwidth unresponsive flows at the time of congestion with a lightweight control function. The identification mechanism consists of a fixed-size cache to capture the history of recent drops with a state space equal to the size of the cache. The restriction mechanism is stateless with two matching trial phases and an adaptive drawing factor to take a strong punitive measure against the identified high-bandwidth unresponsive flows in proportion to the average buffer occupancy. Comprehensive performance evaluation indicates that among other well-known AQM schemes of comparable complexities, CHORD provides enhanced TCP goodput and intra-protocol fairness and is well-suited for fair bandwidth allocation to aggregate traffic across a wide range of packet and buffer sizes at a bottleneck router.     

全局主动带宽调整算法

近年来，UDP等非响应流抢占TCP等响应流的现象越来越严重。提出全局主动带宽调整算法（GABA），通过网络中核心路由器与边缘路由器之间的协作，在核心路由器获取非响应流的信息，在边缘路由器阻止非响应流的大量进入。通过NS2仿真表明，GABA可以有效提高网络利用率和带宽分配的公平性。     

Investigating the performance of TCP in mobile ad hoc networks

Mobile ad hoc networks have several inherent characteristics (e.g. dynamic topology, time-varying and bandwidth constrained wireless channels, multi-hop routing, and distributed control and management). The goal of this work is to investigate the impact of these characteristics on the performance of TCP. First, we investigate throughput performance of TCP as a function of path length (i.e. multiple wireless hops), node mobility, and traffic intensity. Next, we examine the ‘fairness’ of the ad hoc network with regard to equal sharing of network bandwidth among multiple TCP flows. Third, we evaluate the impact of two on-demand routing protocols (i.e. AODV and DSR) on the throughput of TCP. Finally, a factorial design experiment is conducted to quantify the effects and interactions of three factors, which influence the throughput of TCP. These factors include routing, node speed, and node pause time. Two key results were observed. Results show that traffic intensity (e.g. number of concurrent flows) is significantly affects TCP throughput, suggesting the need for congestion control, scheduling and traffic management schemes. Second, source routing achieves higher throughputs while also generating significantly less routing overhead than AODV. Results also show that in some instances, the fairness of the network is very uneven among concurrent TCP flows, resulting in several sending stations achieving very little or no throughput.