前排座椅参数设计对后排乘员的安全性仿真分析

为了研究前排座椅参数对后排乘员在正面碰撞时的安全性影响,使用碰撞软件MADYMO建立包括车体、5%女性假人、安全带在内的某款轿车后排乘员正面碰撞仿真模型。通过试验样车碰撞结果与模型仿真结果的对比,验证模型有效性。在此模型基础上,分析前排座椅头枕和靠背参数对后排乘员的HIC、胸部3ms、胸部压缩量和左右大腿力的损伤值影响,得到了前排座椅参数与后排乘员伤害值的关系,提出减小后排乘员伤害的方法。     

增高座椅性能参数影响及损伤仿真分析

为了降低儿童乘员在碰撞过程中胸部和头部的损伤率,对增高座椅儿童约束系统进行参数化分析。本文采用多体动力学软件MADYMO建立儿童乘员碰撞仿真模型,并按照FMVSS213法规验证模型的有效性。在此基础上,以头部质心合成加速度、头部损伤准则HIC36、胸部合成加速度为损伤指标,分析增高座椅与台车座椅之间的摩擦系数、汽车座椅安全带刚度、增高座椅在高度方向上变化对儿童损伤的影响,仿真结果表明:在增高座椅底面涂以摩擦材料以提高摩擦系数,适当提高安全带刚度及维持现有座椅高度可以显著减少儿童在碰撞过程中的头部和胸部损伤。     

集中质量-弹簧碰撞模型在汽车被动安全预研阶段的应用

为在车身开发的概念设计阶段明确车辆前碰的安全性目标加速度波形,提出以乘员伤害值确定整车正面碰撞波形的方法,建立包括驾乘人员的车辆集中质量-弹簧(Lumped Mass-Spring,LMS)模型.为确保LMS模型的有效性,将整车有限元模型仿真结果与运动学特性计算结果对比.通过对比前碰加速度波形、刚性墙力以及前舱总的压溃位移,对LMS模型的有效性进行验证.以乘员胸部的乘约效率为优化目标,基于已验证的LMS模型进行关键参数的试验设计分析,从而为车辆前结构的碰撞安全性能设计提供参考.     

改进的汽车安全气囊静态点爆仿真方法

对主驾驶安全气囊静态点爆的前期阶段进行仿真,并结合实验进行验证.详细描述气囊压缩折叠方法和气囊压缩后的质量要求,分析影响仿真精度的因素并提出验证这些因素准确性的方法.结果表明测量支反力是验证气囊在展开过程中对周围零部件作用力的产生以及零部件间力传递过程是否准确的有效途径.     

正面40%偏置碰撞时后排乘员安全性的仿真分析

为了减小后排乘员在偏置碰撞中受到的伤害,运用MADYMO软件建立包括汽车车身、前后排座椅、三点式安全带、汽车地板、后排5%女性假人的某款汽车后排偏置碰撞的乘员约束系统仿真模型。通过样车试验碰撞结果和模型仿真结果进行对标,验证模型的准确性。在此模型基础上,研究分析前排座椅和安全带等参数对后排乘员安全性的影响,并提出了安全带固定点改进方案,结果表明改进后后排乘员的头部HIC15降低14.2%,颈部张力降低14.4%,有效地保护后排乘员安全。     

薄壁管抗撞性能的多目标结构优化

以交通工具中部分锥形薄壁方管的安全装置作为研究对象,建立以薄壁管在碰撞过程中吸收能量最大化,比吸能最大化和初始碰撞力峰值最小化为多目标的优化问题.用锥形部分的几何参数作为设计变量,在保证不降低薄壁管吸能能力的情况下,通过对其结构的优化达到初始碰撞力峰值最小化的目的.论文采用有限元软件LS-DYNA得到不同几何参数模型的碰撞信息,用响应面法构造近似函数,同时引入权系数以表征各个目标在优化问题中的重要程度,并采用理想点法求解多目标优化问题,分析了锥形薄壁方管各几何参数对结构的能量吸收、比吸能和初始碰撞力峰值的影响,最终得到了给定权系数下的最优模型.     

拦截弹轨控发动机点火时机与分配策略研究

为了弥补高空空气动力不足的情况下,导弹机动性能下降的缺点,在导弹飞行末端引入直接力控制,采用直接力/气动力复合控制.直接力控制的关键问题是点火逻辑的确定,对轨控发动机点火时机与分配策略进行了研究,按照使用最少资源提供最大调偏能力的原则,采用离线规划在线分段查表的方法给出了两种可行的发动机点火逻辑,一种是固定分配模式,另一种是动态分配模式.并对两种模式下的点火时间以及调偏误差进行了分析.由计算结果可以看出,在导弹飞行末端引入直接力控制,配合合适的点火逻辑,可以迅速有效地调整脱靶量,使导弹实现与目标直接碰撞.     

多媒体传感器网络中的视频流传输质量分析与评估

在NS2平台上仿真实现了多媒体传感器网络的视频流传输,并在NS2-myEvalvid模型的基础上通过比较PSRN值分析了压缩量化参数、GOP类型、封包长度和封包错误率对视频流传输质量的影响。仿真实验表明,压缩量化参数、GOP长度或封包错误率取值越小,视频流的传输效果越好;而封包长度取值越小,视频流的传输效果越差。     

基于压缩感知的跳频信号参数估计

为解决跳频信号侦察中高带宽带来的高采样率和海量数据处理问题,将压缩感知理论应用于跳频信号参数估计。根据跳频信号的时频特征,构建以加窗正弦函数为基函数的3-参数稀疏字典;在此基础上,提出一种带预处理过程的正交匹配追踪算法,从压缩测量值中获取跳频信号跳周期、跳变时刻以及跳频频率的估计值。仿真结果表明,该方法能够显著减少信号采样数据量和算法计算量,保持较高参数估计精度。     

汽车安全气囊点火系统设计与实现

随着对安全的考虑和要求越来越高,以及相关立法的实施,促进了更加复杂的汽车安全气囊系统的开发。由此,仅用于前向碰撞保护的基本安全气囊系统正逐渐被一种更加智能的高端气囊系统所取代。这种系统增加了对前后排乘客的侧面碰撞保护并追加了对头部和膝部保护的辅助系统。与此同时,气囊控制系统中点火回路的数量及控制复杂度也相应增加。该文对安全气囊点火系统进行了相应的研究和设计。     

The effect of simulated school load carriage configurations on shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure

Recently, several studies have addressed the physical demands of school student's load carriage, in particular the load weight carried, using physical demands indicators such as oxygen consumption, gait, and posture. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different load carriage configurations on shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure during simulated school student's load carriage. A load carriage simulator was used to compare shoulder strap forces and shoulder pressure for 32 combinations of gait speed, backpack weight, load distribution, shoulder strap length and use of a hip-belt. The results showed that the manipulation of backpack weight, hip-belt use and shoulder strap length had a strong effect on shoulder strap tension and shoulder pressure. Backpack weight had the greatest influence on shoulder strap tension and shoulder pressure, whereas hip-belt use and then shoulder strap adjustment had the next greatest effects, respectively. While it is clear that researchers and practitioners are justified in focusing on load magnitude in backpack studies as it has the greatest effect on shoulder forces, hip-belt use and shoulder strap adjustment should also be examined further as they too may have significant effects on the demands placed on backpack users. Based on the present findings, school students should wear their backpacks with the least weight possible, use the hip-belt if present, allow a reasonable amount of looseness in the shoulder straps and should position the heaviest items closest to their back. However, more detailed work using human participants needs to be undertaken before these recommendations can be confirmed.     

矿用胶带机集中控制系统的研制

介绍了由多台智能综保仪构成的矿用胶带机集中控制系统,每台综保仪能实现各胶带机胶带的高低速度、滚筒温度、机头烟雾、CO浓度、堆煤以及跑偏等各种保护功能,还兼有与前后胶带机智能综保仪通信的功能,使整个系统具有逆煤流启动、顺煤流延时停车功能。     

Biomechanical assessment of lateral stiffness elements in the suspension system of a backpack

The purpose of this study was to examine the change in load distribution characteristics associated with adding lateral stiffness elements (rods) to a rucksack (backpack). A load distribution mannequin was instrumented with two 3D load cells to allow determination of the load applied to the shoulders and upper torso independent of the load applied to the hips and lower trunk. Position and mass of the payload (25 kg) were fixed at the centre of the volume of the rucksack and held constant during all testing. It was hypothesized that lateral rods would provide a force bridge that transfers part of the vertical load of the pack from the upper back and shoulders to the hip belt thereby reducing the vertical load on the torso, and possibly reducing the horizontal reaction force that produces a shear load on the spine. Results showed that these active stiffness elements shifted 14% of the vertical load from the upper torso to the pelvic region with lumbar shear load remaining relatively unchanged for all combinations of shoulder strap and waist belt tension. The lateral rods also provided a mean increase of 12% in the extensor moment at the L3-L4 level, thus reducing some demand on the erector spinae muscles.     

Biomechanical assessment of lateral stiffness elements in the suspension system of a backpack

The purpose of this study was to examine the change in load distribution characteristics associated with adding lateral stiffness elements (rods) to a rucksack (backpack). A load distribution mannequin was instrumented with two 3D load cells to allow determination of the load applied to the shoulders and upper torso independent of the load applied to the hips and lower trunk. Position and mass of the payload (25?kg) were fixed at the centre of the volume of the rucksack and held constant during all testing. It was hypothesized that lateral rods would provide a force bridge that transfers part of the vertical load of the pack from the upper back and shoulders to the hip belt thereby reducing the vertical load on the torso, and possibly reducing the horizontal reaction force that produces a shear load on the spine. Results showed that these active stiffness elements shifted 14% of the vertical load from the upper torso to the pelvic region with lumbar shear load remaining relatively unchanged for all combinations of shoulder strap and waist belt tension. The lateral rods also provided a mean increase of 12% in the extensor moment at the L3?–?L4 level, thus reducing some demand on the erector spinae muscles.     

Effect of single and double strap backpacks on lung function

Carrying heavy and moderate military loads in backpacks or as body armour compresses the chest, causing a change in lung function that is typical of a restrictive ventilatory impairment. It is not known if a lighter backpack load of only 6 kg, such as is typical of loads carried by students, will have a similar effect on lung function. There have been no studies examining whether backpacks of different strapping styles have an effect on lung function. Several designs of student backpack have recently been introduced to the market. One of the most popular is a single-strap backpack. This study examined Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1), FEV1.FVC( - 1)% and Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) in 13 participants (4 males, 9 females) wearing each of two 6 kg backpacks, one with two shoulder straps (a Double Strap Backpack (DSB)) and the other with a single strap (a Single Strap Backpack (SSB)) worn across the shoulder and chest. In comparison with the control of no pack (N), SSB significantly reduced FVC (by 3.94%, p = 0.006) but there were no significant differences in FEV1, FEV1. FVC( - 1)% and PEF. The DSB also significantly reduced FVC (by 1.97%, p = 0.034) but no significant differences were found in FEV1, FEV1. FVC( - 1)% and PEF measures. In comparison with DSB, the SSB was associated with a significantly lower FVC (by 2.05%, p = 0.049) and FEV1 (by 1.88%, p = 0.029) but there were no significant changes in FEV1. FVC( - 1)% and PEF. It is concluded that a backpack load of 6 kg could produce a mild restrictive type of ventilatory impairment in lung function. This effect was greater for a single cross-chest strap than for a more conventional double strap harness.     

Material identification in structural optimization using response surfaces

This paper evaluates the use of a response surface optimization algorithm for structural material or parameter identification. The algorithm used is the successive response surface method (SRSM) as implemented in LS-OPT. Two methods are used in the formulation of the optimization problem. The first is to minimize the maximum deviation of the distance function between the simulated and experimental results at selected points, while the second approach minimizes the more standard least squares residual form of the distance function, effectively providing a compromised match over all the parameters selected. SRSM uses a trust region that is adapted using a heuristic contraction and panning approach. The method has only one user-required parameter, the size of the initial trust region. To illustrate the robustness of SRSM as a material identification tool, three test cases are presented. The first concerns the identification of the power-law material parameters of a simple tensile test specimen. The second test case determines the leakage coefficient-pressure load curve of an airbag given experimental kinematic data of a chest form impacting the airbag. In the third test case the material identification of a rate-dependent low-density foam material is conducted. It is shown that SRSM essentially converges within 10 iterations for all the test cases, and that the two distance function minimization approaches produce similar results.     

A genetic algorithm for optimal design of an inflatable knee bolster

An inflatable knee bolster (IKB) is an inflatable airbag cushion deployed in the knee area in conjunction with the frontal airbags to reduce lower-leg injuries. It is conceivable that the IKB has potential to prevent severe lower-leg injuries. However, the effects of the IKB on occupant head and chest injuries are still unknown. This research investigates the effects of the IKB, and its interaction with other components of the occupant restraint system, on the occupant head and chest injuries, using a genetic algorithm (GA). One of the major challenges for the introduction of the IKB is that it may result in a significant increase in the number of possible discrete combinations, as the number of design parameters increase. GA works simultaneously on a population of designs based on the survival of the fittest. It has potential to obtain a global optimal design, and it gives more flexibility to engineering implementations because it provides multiple design solutions. The results demonstrate that the GA is a useful and applicable tool to optimize design configurations for a large-scale occupant simulation problem.     

Ergonomic investigation of letter-carrier satchels: part I. Field study

A field study was conducted to compare four satchels designed for the purposes of manually carrying and delivering mail. The satchels differed primarily in the presence/absence of a waist belt, the number and design of the shoulder strap(s) and the number of pouches. The evaluation consisted of questionnaires and interviews of slightly more than 300 letter carriers employed by the United States Postal Service. The questionnaires focused on 10 main areas of interest; ease of adjustability and handling, comfort, suitability and durability of materials, anthropometric applications, impact on other activities, ease of motion in retrieving mail, ease of motion in carrying the satchel, versatility of use in diverse climates, protection of mail from damage due to rain and snow, and defense against dog attacks. The primary conclusion was that the satchel with two shoulder straps and two pouches, which results in more symmetric loading than the other satchels, is the most desirable of the satchels tested. However, there are problems with the satchel that need to be addressed, such as concerns about the use of the satchel for defense from dog attacks.     

网络化高精度和高稳定性阵列电子胶带秤仪表

通过设计高灵敏秤体、提高称重传感器采样精度等提高电子胶带秤计量精度的传统方法很难补偿胶带张力引起的称重误差;而通过并行设置多个秤体、构成阵列秤的方式能够减小胶带张力对计量精度的影响。基于内力理论分析得出电子胶带秤首尾两端的胶带张力是造成称重误差的主要原因,且两端胶带张力占比随称重单元增多而变小,因此阵列电子胶带秤可改善胶带张力变化对计量精度的影响和稳定性。设计了以高性能ARM处理器STM32F767为控制核心的网络化高精度和高稳定性阵列电子胶带秤仪表,实现了8路称重阵列动态计量、逻辑控制、人机交互、掉电存储、工业控制与通信、互联网远程监控等功能。采用静态挂码方式对该仪表进行试验,结果表明该仪表的称重误差约为0.03%,且对胶带速度和载荷引起的张力变化不敏感,具有较高的计量精度和稳定性。