Al基块体金属玻璃的研究进展

Al基金属玻璃具有高强度、高韧性、良好的耐蚀性,特别是其比强度高达330kN·m/kg,作为新结构材料在航空航天领域具有潜在的应用前景。近年不仅研发出了具有大过冷液相区以及能形成块体金属玻璃的Al基合金,还通过粉体温热固化成形工艺实现了Al基金属玻璃的大块体化,推动了其在实际生产中的应用。简述了有关Al基金属玻璃合金的玻璃形成能力、过冷液体热稳定性、力学性能及其粉末烧结体的组织和性能等方面的最新研究进展,并对其发展存在的问题进行了探讨。     

Composition and size dependent torsion fracture of metallic glasses

The fracture of metallic glasses(MGs)of different compositions and sizes down to micrometers under torsion loading were systematically investigated.Contrary to the flat shear fracture along the circumfer-ential plane as commonly supposed under torsion,we find that the torsion fracture of metallic glasses can deviate from flat shear plane,and the fracture angle is closely dependent on the composition and the size of MG samples.With a conversion method,we show that the torsion fracture of both millimeter-and micrometer-sized MGs can be described by the ellipse fracture criterion as originally proposed for the tension fracture.The deviation from the circumferential shear plane under torsion is further shown to intrinsically relate to the fracture toughness of MGs.The tougher MG tends to have a smaller fracture angle with respect to the maximum shear plane,and vice versa,indicating a correlation between the fracture toughness and pressure/normal stress sensitivity in MGs.Our results provide new insights on the fracture mechanism and are helpful to design and control the deformation and fracture behavior of MGs under torsion loading.     

Failure surfaces of high-strength materials predicted by a universal failure criterion

Advanced high-strength materials including metallic glasses (MGs) and nanocrystalline (NC) metals have attracted great attentions due to their promising mechanical properties. However, since they usually exhibit relatively brittle fracture behavior, a proper failure criterion is urgently required for the safety design of structural components and devices using these high-strength materials. It has been found that the conventional failure criteria may not soundly explain the fracture behaviors of MGs, while the ellipse criterion shows promising universality for well describing the fracture behaviors of several kinds of high-strength materials under various loading conditions. In this study, the principal stress form of the ellipse criterion was derived for the first time, and the two-dimensional failure surfaces according to this criterion were plotted and compared with the other predictions, as well as the experimental and simulation results of MGs and NC metals. The results confirm the applicability of the ellipse criterion for predicting the failure of high-strength materials, and may also improve the understanding of strength and fracture of various materials.     

Simulation of porosity by microballoon dispersion in epoxy and urethane: mechanical measurements and models

Effective mechanical properties of microballoon-dispersed epoxy and urethane are studied under quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. Elastic modulus measurements of these mixtures over a volume fraction range of 0–0.45 are in good agreement with Hashin-Shtrikman lower-bound predictions for two-phase mixtures comprising of randomly distributed spherical pores in an elastic matrix. The measurements have also been predicted accurately by a LEFM based pore-flaw model for a selected flaw size to pore size ratio. These imply that the microballoons offer negligible reinforcement due to extremely small wall thickness to diameter ratio. Accordingly, feasibility of using these materials to simulate controlled porosity for tensile strength and fracture toughness modeling is explored. Measured tensile strength and fracture toughness values decrease monotonically similar to the Young's modulus variation with volume fraction of microballoons. Guided by the measurements linear elastic models for porous materials that predict tensile strength and fracture toughness of these mixtures are proposed and validated. The tensile strength predictions are in very good agreement with measurements for both epoxy and urethane compositions. The quasi-static crack initiation toughness prediction captures the measurement trends rather well in both cases. The agreement between the measurements and predictions are modest for epoxy matrix while they are good for urethane compositions. Based on fracture surface micrography, an empirical corrective procedure is advanced to improve the agreement between the measurements and the model. The dynamic crack initiation toughness measurements for epoxy, on the other hand, are in excellent agreement with the predictions.     

Assessment of three oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites: Mechanical performance and effects of heat treatments

Mechanical performance of three oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) based on Nextel 610 fibers and SiOC, alumina, and mullite/SiOC matrices respectively, is evaluated herein. Tensile strength and stiffness of all materials decreased at 1000 °C and 1200 °C, probably because of degradation of fiber properties beyond 1000 °C. Microstructural changes in the composites during exposure at 1000 °C and 1200 °C for 50 h reduce their flexural strength, fracture toughness and work of fracture. A literature review regarding mechanical properties of several oxide/oxide CMCs revealed lower influence of fiber properties on composite strength compared with elastic modulus. The tested composites exhibit comparable stiffness and strength but higher fracture toughness compared with average values determined from a literature review. Considering CMCs with different compositions, we observed an interesting linear trend between strength and fracture toughness. The validity of the linear relationship between fracture strength and flexural toughness for CMCs is discussed.     

Investigation on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of graphite

In the present study, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of graphite as a brittle material were investigated. At first, some specimens were examined in two perpendicular directions to derive Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength. Then, graphite fracture toughness tests were conducted using some three‐point bending specimens with a sharp machined V‐notch by two different methods. The first method is based on the applied force at the moment of fracture, and the second one uses energy released during the test. Moreover, a technique was adopted to reduce differences between the two methods. It was observed that considering the effect of dehydration of the specimens, the fracture toughness was reduced by about 8%. Finally, crack growth simulation of the experiment was performed and indicated that finite element analysis predicts about 25% lower crack length values when critical energy release rate is utilized as a crack growth criterion instead of fracture toughness. In other words, the required input displacement for crack growth would be overestimated by using the critical energy release rate criterion.     

High strength, high fracture toughness fibre composites with interface control—A review

The subject of improving the fracture toughness of fibre composites is receiving significant attention because a critical design criterion in damage tolerant fibre composites is the possession of a sufficiently high fracture energy absorption capability, particularly under impact loading conditions. For a given brittle-fibre/brittle-matrix composite, high strength requires a strong interfacial bond, but this may lead to a low fracture energy absorption. However, by proper control of the physical and mechanical properties of the fibre-matrix interface high strength characteristics can be combined with high toughness. In order to fully utilise the potential of such composites without introducing a reduction in strength, it is necessary to understand the failure mechanisms leading to eventual fracture. This paper reviews the existing theories of fracture toughness of fibre composites and the various methods for improving the fracture toughness by means of interface control. Conclusions and generalisations which can be drawn from the literature are presented with discussions of areas in which further research is required.     

Mechanical behaviour of nickel aluminide–zirconia transformation-toughened particulate composite

The fracture toughness and strength behaviour of nickel aluminide toughened by partially stabilized as well as by non-stabilized zirconia dispersoids were investigated in the range of zirconia content up to 40 vol%. The temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of the composite with an optimal zirconia content was examined. A considerable increase both in fracture toughness and in bending strength was achieved compared to the base nickel aluminide. To reveal the nature of the toughening and strengthening effects, X-ray diffraction measurements were performed before and after fracture. Residual stresses imposed on zirconia particles were evaluated. Trends in mechanical behaviour have been discussed in terms of microstructure development. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development of mechanical properties in AA 8090 alloy produced by extrusion processing

Abstract

The effects of extrusion processing parameters on the mechanical properties of an AA 8090 alloy were monitored using a combination of hardness, tensile, andfracture toughness tests, and using light, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that variations in the processing parameters affect the tensile properties to a greater extent in the as extruded condition than in the heat treated condition. In the former, the property changes occur as a result of both variation of grain structure and the solutionising effect during the process. In the latter, the tensile properties are controlled by the precipitation processes that occur, and the toughness remains essentially unaffected by changes in the processing conditions. Improved combinations of strength, ductility, and toughness are achieved when the material is subjected to suitable preaging treatments, which modify the precipitate morphology within the microstructure; the fracture surface characteristics of both tensile and fracture toughness test specimens reflect the microstructural changes.

MST/1115     

利用界面设计制造巨型金属玻璃

开发具有优良性能的材料一直是人类不懈的追求.如果将尺寸放大到与传统金属相当的水平,金属玻璃将是一种理想的金属材料.为了应对这一挑战,在过去的几十年中,研究学者们已经尝试了多种方法,包括基于热力学的合金开发、3D打印以及基于人工智能学习的合金优化设计新理念.本文提出了一种简便、灵活的界面设计理念来制造直径大于100 mm的巨型金属玻璃(GMG),通过该方法制造的巨型金属玻璃性能几乎与铸态样品相同.此外,利用该方法可制造复杂三维结构.本文提出的方法为克服合金系统中长期存在的玻璃形成能力(GFA)限制的问题,制造大尺寸、复杂结构金属玻璃开辟了新的思路和途径.     

PVDF对芳纶无纺布/环氧树脂共固化复合材料力学和阻尼性能的影响

为评价热塑性结晶聚合物聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)对共固化复合材料动态力学和阻尼性能的影响,首先,将PVDF负载到芳纶无纺布(ANF)上,采用共固化工艺制备了PVDF-ANF/环氧树脂(EP)结构阻尼复合材料。然后,利用动态机械分析仪测试了PVDF-ANF/EP复合材料的损耗因子、损耗模量和储能模量的温度谱;通过弯曲强度、弯曲模量和层间剪切强度的测试评价了复合材料的静态力学性能;通过单悬臂梁振动实验测试了复合材料的共振频率及自由振动衰减曲线,并计算了损耗因子;通过I型、II型层间断裂韧性实验及断面微观形貌的观察研究了复合材料的断裂韧性及增韧机制。最后,对复合材料的微观结构进行分析,探讨了其兼具力学性能和阻尼性能的结构内因。结果表明:通过在ANF表面负载PVDF,可在不引起复合材料力学性能明显下降的前提下,进一步提高PVDF-ANF/EP复合材料的阻尼性能和层间断裂韧性,复合材料的损耗因子提高了33.3%,I型和II型断裂韧性分别提高了168%和208%。     

Effects of post-hot isostatic pressing on mechanical properties of presintered alumina ceramics

Effects of post-hot isostatic pressing (post-HIP) on the elastic properties, strength and fracture toughness of different commercial alumina-based ceramics was investigated. The materials were presintered ceramics with alumina contents of 94, 97 and 99%. HIP was performed using a Mo or graphite furnace in a wide temperature range to establish regimes which allowed attainment of the best combination of mechanical properties, e.g. ultimate bending strength, Weibull's modulus, fracture toughness and modulus of elasticity. The results are discussed in relation to microstructure development.     

Fracture toughness and mechanical behaviour of an epoxy resin

The variation of fracture and mechanical properties of epoxy resin Epikote 828, cured with diaminodiphenyl-methane by variation of the resin/amine ratio has been determined. Observations of the crack tip have shown that fracture toughness variations can be attributed to the different blunting characteristics of the various resin/amine compositions. A systematic variation in the thermal transitions of the resins also occurs as a function of composition. Investigations by chemical etching and small angle X-ray scattering have failed to reveal a structural entity which can be invoked to explain the trends in fracture and mechanical properties. It has been found that care must be taken when choosing the method of evaluation of fracture parameters in order that meaningful comparisons can be made between different resin compositions.     

Mechanical properties of ultra-fine grained zirconia ceramics

The mechanical properties of tetragonal zirconia (TZP) materials doped with Y, Ce or Ti were studied as a function of temperature and grain size. Fine grained Y-TZP (grain size < 0.3 m) shows values for fracture toughness and strength at room temperature, which are comparable with the coarse grained transformation toughened materials, despite lacking transformation toughening. The morphology of the fracture surface points to crack deflection as the most important toughening mechanism. At 800 °C fracture toughness and strength are higher than in coarse grained Y-TZP materials. Doping Y-TZP with Ce or Ti results in a similar trend in mechanical properties, for fine grained material, as for the Y-TZP materials.     

rGO/SiC复合材料的制备与性能研究

碳化硅(SiC)陶瓷具有优异的力学性能, 但是其断裂韧性相对较低。石墨烯的引入有望解决碳化硅陶瓷的断裂韧性较低的问题。本研究采用热压烧结工艺, 制备了具有不同还原-氧化石墨烯(rGO)掺入量的SiC复合材料。经过2050℃保温、40 MPa保压1 h后, 所制备的复合材料均烧结致密。对复合材料中rGO的掺入量、微观结构和力学性能的相互关系进行分析和讨论。加入4wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到564 MPa, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了6%; 断裂韧性达到4.02 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了54%。加入6wt%的rGO后, 复合材料的三点抗弯强度达到420 MPa, 略低于热压SiC陶瓷, 但其断裂韧性达到4.56 MPa•m^1/2, 比热压SiC陶瓷提高了75%。裂纹扩展微观结果显示, 主要增韧机理有裂纹偏转、裂纹桥连和rGO片的拔出。     

Influence of austempering temperature on the mechanical properties of a low carbon low alloy steel

In this investigation, a new low alloy and low carbon steel with exceptionally high strength and high fracture toughness has been developed. The effect of austempering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this new steel was examined. The influence of the microstructure on the mechanical properties and the fracture toughness of this steel was also studied.Test results show that the austempering produces a unique microstructure consisting of bainitic ferrite and austenite in this steel. There were significant improvement in mechanical properties and fracture toughness as a result of austempering heat treatments. The mechanical properties as well as the fracture toughness were found to decrease as the austempering temperature increases. On the other hand, the strain hardening rate of steel increases at higher austempering temperature. A linear relationship was observed between strain hardening exponent and the austenitic carbon content.     

多层次微观复合陶瓷的力学性能和优化分析研究

研究了不同层次微观复合陶瓷的力学性能随纳米和微米颗粒含量变化的影响。结果表明材料强度与韧性的改善与两种弥散相含量及其相对比例有关。优化分析可表征临界裂纹长度的变化规律, 当纳米SiC_n 含量为3～ 12vo l% , 材料内部的裂纹长度较小且随微米SiC_P 含量增加而略有增大。达到最大韧性时弥散相的优化体积分数(9. 7vo l% , 9. 7vo l% ) 要高于达到最大强度时的弥散相含量(7. 9vo l% , 7. 9vo l% ) , 表明韧性与强度最大值的组成点不一致, 其原因在于瓷体内部缺陷对其敏感程度不同。      

温梯法生长掺碳强韧化蓝宝石单晶的研究

研究了温梯法生长不同浓度石墨碳掺杂蓝宝石单晶的室温力学性能。实验发现在蓝宝石单晶中, 掺入适量石墨碳可以显著提高晶体常温断裂强度和断裂韧性, 而不损害晶体的可见和近红外透过性能。当其掺入的石墨浓度为5×10^-3时, 蓝宝石单晶的断裂强度和断裂韧性平均分别提高到752 MPa和2.81 MPa·m1/2, 而其可见和近红外透过率依然达80%。掺杂的石墨碳在蓝宝石晶体中部分作为晶格间隙离子, 对蓝宝石单晶的开裂具有钉扎作用, 达到提高蓝宝石单晶常温力学性能的效果。但是过量石墨碳的掺杂会引起掺质的组分偏析, 晶体中出现碳包裹物, 从而导致晶体力学性能和光学性能的下降。     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES RELATING TO THE FRACTURE STRESS AND FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF SILICON NITRIDE

Abstract— Microstructure and mechanical properties of HP (Hot Pressed), HP/GP (Gas Pressed), and HP/HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressed)—Si₃N₄ are studied using scanning electron microscopy, bending tests and the indentation fracture method. The grain diameter distribution is analyzed to clarify the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties; and also the bending strength and fracture toughness. It is shown that bending strength increases with decreasing grain diameter. The results also show that a Hall—Petch type of relationship is obtained between grain diameter and fracture strength. The fracture toughness shows a linear relationship with , where σ_F= bending strength, β= a proportionality factor and d _a= average grain diameter, and is closely related to the aspect ratio of Si₃N₄ grains. It is concluded, from the morphological analysis, that a microstructure composed of Si₃N₄ grains, with both a small grain diameter and a large aspect ratio, is effective in improving both the fracture strength and fracture toughness.     

An improved failure criterion for biological and engineered staggered composites

High-performance biological materials such as nacre, spider silk or bone have evolved a staggered microstructure consisting of stiff and strong elongated inclusions aligned with the direction of loading. This structure leads to useful combinations of stiffness, strength and toughness, and it is therefore increasingly mimicked in bio-inspired composites. The performance of staggered composites can be tuned; for example, their mechanical properties increase when the overlap between the inclusions is increased. However, larger overlaps may lead to excessive tensile stress and fracture of the inclusions themselves, a highly detrimental failure mode. Fracture of the inclusions has so far only been predicted using highly simplified models, which hinder our ability to properly design and optimize engineered staggered composites. In this work, we develop a new failure criterion that takes into account the complex stress field within the inclusions as well as initial defects. The model leads to an ‘optimum criterion’ for cases where the shear tractions on the inclusions is uniform, and a ‘conservative’ criterion for which the tractions are modelled as point forces at the ends of the overlap regions. The criterion can therefore be applied for a wide array of material behaviour at the interface, even if the details of the shear load transfer is not known. The new criterion is validated with experiments on staggered structures made of millimetre-thick alumina tablets, and by comparison with data on nacre. Formulated in a non-dimensional form, our new criterion can be applied on a wide variety of engineered staggered composites at any length scale. It also reveals new design guidelines, for example high aspect ratio inclusions with weak interfaces are preferable over inclusions with low aspect ratio and stronger interfaces. Together with existing models, this new criterion will lead to optimal designs that harness the full potential of bio-inspired staggered composites.