嵌段共聚物PEO-b-PS与聚苯乙烯共混薄膜的表面形貌及性能

通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了嵌段共聚物聚氧化乙烯(PEO-b-聚苯乙烯(PS)),将PEO-b-PS与PS溶液共混成膜,使用接触角测试仪(CA)和原子力显微镜(AFM)考察了PEO-b-PS含量与共混薄膜表面形貌及性能之间的关系。研究发现,嵌段共聚物在薄膜中发生微相分离并在薄膜表面形成PEO微相区,随PEO-b-PS含量增加,薄膜表面PEO相区尺寸增大,但分布密度下降。通过共混薄膜表面形貌的变化,解释了共混薄膜的亲水性和表面张力随PEO-b-PS含量增加的变化趋势。     

聚丙烯酸对含聚氧化乙烯链段嵌段共聚物微相分离形貌的调控作用

采用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)制备了两嵌段共聚物聚氧化乙烯-b-聚苯乙烯(PEO-b-PS)和三嵌段共聚物聚氧化乙烯-b-聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸丁酯(PEO-b-PS-b-PBA),再将聚丙烯酸(PAA)分别与PEO-b-PS和PEO-b-PS-b-PBA进行溶液共混和旋涂成膜,通过原子力显微镜研究了PAA对2种嵌段共聚物薄膜微相分离形貌的调控作用。结果表明,PEO-b-PS/PAA共混薄膜呈现PEO/PAA为分散相以柱状形态垂直分布在PS连续相中的微相分离形貌,柱状微区尺寸随着PAA含量及相对分子质量的增加而不断增大。当PAA质量分数达到30%后,PEO/PAA分散相向层状形态转变。PEO-b-PS-b-PBA与PAA共混后,PEO/PAA相区从原先平行于薄膜表面排列的层状形态向随机取向的柱状形态转变,PS微相区在薄膜表面形成细小的锥状突起,随着PAA质量分数增加,PEO/PAA柱状微区向薄膜表面垂直排列取向得到增强,PS微相区的突起程度降低。     

嵌段共聚物PEO-b-PS薄膜的微相分离形貌

为实现对PEO-b-PS薄膜微相分离形貌和纳米结构的调控,通过原子转移自由基聚合制备了不同嵌段结构的PEO-b-PS,使用原子力显微镜研究了嵌段结构及热处理条件对溶液旋涂制备的PEO-b-PS薄膜微相分离形貌的影响.结果表明:PEO-b-PS薄膜发生微相分离后呈现PS锥状突起的分散形貌;提高热处理温度使微相分离加快,相分离程度提高,PS微区尺寸增大;延长热处理时间使PS锥状突起更加明显;PEO链长一定时,PS链长增加导致PS锥状微区数量和尺寸增加;PS链长一定时,PEO链长增加使PS锥状微区数量减少;嵌段比一定时,嵌段共聚物分子量增加使PS微区尺寸增大.通过调节PEO-b-PS嵌段结构和薄膜的热处理条件,可以实现对PEO-b-PS薄膜微相分离结构的控制.     

聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯两嵌段共聚物薄膜在超临界二氧化碳和丙酮溶剂耦合作用下的形貌演化

以聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PS-b-PMMA)两嵌段共聚物薄膜为考察对象,首先对比研究了PS-b-PMMA薄膜分别在丙酮溶剂和超临界二氧化碳(scCO_2)环境中退火的形貌演变,进而提出利用scCO_2和丙酮溶剂的耦合作用调控嵌段共聚物薄膜的相转变。实验结果表明,利用scCO_2和丙酮溶剂的耦合作用,能够显著缩短嵌段共聚物薄膜的有序-无序相转变时间,得到高度有序的分相形貌。     

PCL-b-PMMA/PEO共混薄膜的微相分离形貌

通过聚氧化乙烯(PEO)与聚己内酯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物(PCL-b-PMMA)的共混来调节聚己内酯(PCL)与聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)嵌段的微相分离行为。采用原子力显微镜研究了PEO的质量分数和相对分子质量对PCL-b-PMMA/PEO共混薄膜微相分离形貌的影响。结果表明,共混薄膜形成了以PMMA/PEO为连续相,PCL呈柱状微区垂直于薄膜表面的微相分离形貌,PMMA/PEO链段无法在PCL柱状微区上方形成完全覆盖,导致薄膜表面形成许多孔洞。随着PEO含量增加,PCL链段聚集趋势增强,柱状微区尺寸不断增大;随着PEO相对分子质量的增加,PMMA/PEO在PCL微区上方形成的有效覆盖减少,薄膜表面的孔洞数量和尺寸增大;当PEO与不同嵌段比PCL-b-PMMA共混后,随嵌段共聚物中PCL链段体积分数增加,柱状微区向层状形态转变,薄膜表面孔洞消失。     

热分析法研究PS-b-PEO-b-PS/h-PEO共混物的结晶行为

将聚苯乙烯-聚氧乙烯-聚苯乙烯(PS-b-PEO-b-PS)与不同相对分子质量的聚氧乙烯均聚物(h-PEO)共混,研究三嵌段共聚物中间嵌段处于不同干湿刷条件下的PEO的结晶行为。利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究共混物的结晶、熔融行为,发现嵌段共聚物中PEO嵌段的相对分子质量与PEO均聚物的相对分子质量对共混物的干、湿刷形貌有很大的影响。同时可通过自成核方法有效地改变共混物的干、湿刷状态。利用X射线小角散射技术(SAXS)确认这种干、湿刷的相分离状态。     

PtBA嵌段长度对PEO-b-PtBA-b-PS三嵌段共聚物溶液分级自组装行为的影响

通过原子转移自由基聚合法合成了三嵌段共聚物聚环氧乙烷-b-聚丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-聚苯乙烯[PEO45-bPtBAx-b-PSy(x=35、100;y≈140)]。通过体积排斥色谱法和核磁测试对嵌段共聚物化学结构和分子量及分子量分布进行了表征。结果表明:各共聚物结构明确,分子量分布较窄;采用两步分级自组装方法对所得样品进行了溶液自组装行为研究。通过透射电镜对嵌段共聚物自组装形成的胶束的形貌、尺寸进行了表征。结果表明:通过溶剂条件的改变,成功诱导球形胶束形成了二级组装体。改变PtBA段长度使得嵌段共聚物自组装聚集体由球形胶束转变为直径分布均匀,长度在500nm以内的占多数的胶束串。     

含聚环氧乙烷的两性多嵌段共聚物的某些性能

研究了(苯乙烯-丁二烯-环氧乙烷)两性多嵌段共聚物的吸水性能、乳化性能及结晶性能。结果表明,共聚物具有良好的吸水性能和乳化性能,共聚物中聚环氧乙烷含量和预聚体聚乙二醇的分子量是影响上述性能的主要因素。共聚物中聚环氧乙烷含量影响共聚物的结晶度和结晶形态,不同的浇铸溶剂对嵌段共聚物结晶形态也有影响。     

两性星形嵌段共聚物的某些特殊性质

研究了两性聚合物(聚苯乙烯-聚环氧乙烷星形嵌段共聚物)的乳化性质,相转移催化作用及高分子共混时的增容作用。结果指出,对水-苯体系的乳化效果而言,四臂共聚物>三臂>二臂。乳化效果还随共聚物浓度增加、分子量减小及聚环氧乙烷嵌段含量的增大而增大。对于Williamson固液相反应,嵌段共聚物的相转移催化效果较纯聚环氧乙烷为好,星形的较二嵌段的为好。随分子量增大,反应物浓度及温度增加,苯酚钾的转化率增加。加2％星形嵌段共聚物有利于聚苯乙烯与氯醇橡-胶的共混,使产物的物理机械性能有所提高。     

高效凝胶色谱测定聚苯乙烯-聚环氧乙烷星形嵌段共聚物的分子量及分子量分布

聚苯乙烯(PSt)与聚环氧乙烷(PEO)星形嵌段共聚物是一种具有亲油性和亲水性的两性高分子,乳化性能很好。用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定P(St-EO)星形嵌段共聚物的分子量及分子量分布未见国内外文献报道。只有GPC测定星形PSt共聚物的报道。 本文提出将液相色谱仪与虹吸管计数器连接,用HSG-40S多孔交联聚苯乙烯小球的填充柱,四氢呋喃(THF)为淋洗剂,紫外检测器(波长262nm)与示差折光检测器联用,C-R2AX数据处理机接收信号,通过BASIC程序自动检测色谱峰,自动计算并打印出GPC结果,在25℃测定了P(St-EO)共聚物的分子量及分子量分布,并对不同聚合条件的P(St-EO)共聚物分子量分布进行了比较。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。