对接试板焊接残余应力实测与数值模拟

使用压痕法对两副对接试板进行了表面焊接残余应力测试，并通过焊接有限元仿真获得了对接试板焊接残余应力分布规律，对比分析了表面残余应力实测和数值模拟结果。分析结果表明，焊接残余应力数值仿真结果和压痕法实测结果趋势一致，数值相差不大，残余拉应力峰值实测为599 MPa,仿真结果为597 MPa,表明数值模拟方法可预测焊接残余应力；焊缝及热影响区最大纵向残余应力属于拉应力，而最大横向残余应力为压应力，横向残余应力峰值低于纵向残余应力峰值；等效应力(Mises应力)峰值792 MPa,高于试板材料在常温下的初始屈服强度，表明该材料具有明显的加工硬化现象。     

U肋加劲板焊接残余应力的一种简化计算方法

基于焊接残余应力数值模拟方法, 分析了U 肋加劲板各组成板件的板宽、板厚对焊接残余应力分布的影响, 揭示了U 肋与母板残余应力合力的分配规律, 提出了针对不同构造尺寸的U 肋加劲板焊接残余应力分布简化计算方法。研究结果表明:各组成板件的板宽变化对焊接残余拉应力的分布影响较小, 但对焊接残余压应力的大小影响较大;U 肋与母板的板厚比对U 肋与母板残余应力的分配比例影响较大。U 肋加劲板受压承载力计算时, 焊接残余应力分布可以采用简化方法计算, 其结果与根据数值模拟得到的焊接残余应力分布计算的结果基本一致。     

U肋加劲板焊接残余应力数值模拟分析

通过数值模拟和实验方法对U 肋加劲板焊接残余应力进行了估算和分析,建立了三维热弹塑性有限元模型,采用生死单元法模拟焊缝填充和焊接热输入过程,实现了整个焊接过程中的动态应力和变形变化,得到了U肋加劲板的焊接温度场和应力场,分析了U 肋加劲板的焊接残余应力分布,并与残余应力测试试验结果比较.结果显示:U 肋加劲板近焊缝区残余拉应力达到材料屈服强度,母板远离焊缝区残余压应力平均值约为材料屈服强度的0.2 倍,其分布趋势与实验测试得到的残余应力分布比较接近,证明了所采用的焊接数值模拟方法的正确性.     

304不锈钢薄壁管件纵缝焊接接头残余应力数值模拟研究

目的 采用数值模拟方法代替传统测量方法,以准确模拟不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布规律及预热温度对焊接残余应力的影响规律。方法 采用TIG焊接方法对304不锈钢进行圆管纵缝焊接试验,以最优焊接工艺参数为基础,基于ABAQUS有限元仿真软件,采用热力完全耦合模型,在DFLUX子程序中运用Fortran语言对模型进行汇编以完成ABAQUS的二次开发,模拟薄壁管件纵缝焊接热力耦合过程,并在模拟结果上添加预热温度为150 ℃的预热工艺。结果 304不锈钢薄壁管件焊接过程中会产生较大的残余应力,局部区域接近管材的屈服应力。纵向残余应力趋于焊缝中心方向由压应力转化为拉应力,焊缝中心横向应力承受压应力,并且随着向焊缝两侧移动,横向残余应力值逐渐趋近于0。焊缝厚度方向上的径向应力值变化幅度较小。预热可以有效降低不同方向上的焊接残余应力,其中对纵向残余应力的改善最为明显。结论 数值模拟方法能够准确计算出不锈钢薄壁管件焊接接头残余应力分布,预热处理能够有效降低接头残余应力。     

高强度船体钢环形拘束焊接接头残余应力的分布

本文采用数值模拟的方法,对船体结构的某一环形拘束焊缝进行焊接残余应力的模拟计算.同时采用压痕式应力测试仪,对实际船体结构进行测试,并与模拟结果相对比验证.结果表明,模拟结果与实测结果测得的焊接残余应力分布规律基本一致,环形拘束焊缝纵向残余应力大于横向残余应力,最大焊接残余应力位于靠近热影响区的直线段焊缝近表面处.     

核电站控制棒驱动机构Canopy焊缝焊接温度场和应力-应变场模拟

目的 研究机加工和拉拔2种成形方式下得到的填充环对Canopy焊缝的影响,获取焊接焊缝成形、焊接残余应力和变形的相关数据,以指导Canopy焊缝焊接工艺。方法 采用数值模拟的方法,建立Canopy焊缝焊接数值分析模型,模拟焊接温度场、焊接残余应力和焊接残余变形。结果 拉拔成形环焊接熔池高度为9 mm,机加工成形环焊接熔池高度为8.3 mm;机加工成形环焊接最大残余应力为255.6 MPa,而拉拔成形环焊接最大残余应力为277.8 MPa,均出现在管座紧贴焊缝的位置;机加工成形环焊接残余变形为0.19 mm,拉拔成形环焊接残余变形为0.186 mm,最大残余变形均出现在焊接起始位置附近,在焊缝与管座交接的位置。结论 熔池形貌直接影响了热影响区域的大小,拉拔Y型环焊接熔池高度更大,焊接的热影响区域更大;拉拔Y型环焊接残余应力略大于机加工Y型环焊接残余应力;机加工成形环和拉拔成形环焊接残余变形相近。     

平板焊接接头纵向残余应力修正估算公式

为研究不同焊接参数对平板焊接接头残余应力大小的影响规律, 采用ANSYS软件, 建立了大量焊接试件的三维热弹塑性有限元模型, 对其温度场和应力场进行了数值模拟. 根据数值模拟结果, 考虑不同焊接参数、焊道数以及板件热流分配系数的影响, 对拉应力区半宽的计算公式进行了修正. 在此基础上, 采用指数函数对纵向焊接残余应力进行了拟合, 得到了预测不同焊接接头纵向残余应力分布规律和大小的修正估算公式. 最后设计了多组焊接构件模型, 采用盲孔法实测了其残余应力大小和分布规律, 并与估算公式的计算结果进行了对比, 结果表明:两者吻合良好, 验证了该文修正残余应力估算公式的有效性.     

大型结构件焊接变形特征分析

从焊接残余应力产生机理入手,找出焊接变形的影响因素,通过数值分析推导焊接变形过程中残余应力产生的数学模型,用有限元模拟和试验方法检验模型并找出最优焊接方法．     

TC4钛合金激光焊接应力变形有限元分析

基于ANSYS有限元分析软件,采用三维移动热源,对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形进行了数值模拟和实验研究.结果表明:钛合金激光焊接产生很大的纵向残余应力,而横向残余应力较小.激光焊接线能量增加时,纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽,峰值应力降低;而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高.在临界焊透规范以上焊接时,随焊接线能量的增大,角变形随之而减小,而横向收缩变形增大.焊件被完全穿透时,线能量对角变形的影响作用降低.钛合金激光焊接变形和残余应力实验结果与数值计算结果吻合性较好.通过焊缝金相实验分析了焊接残余应力和变形与线能量的内在关系.     

小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG钢管焊接残余应力的数值模拟

以小口径厚壁12Cr1MoVG珠光体耐热钢管多层多道焊接接头为对象,使用有限元模拟软件,采用生死单元法,计算焊接接头中的残余应力。计算结果表明:焊接接头外壁焊缝附近区域的残余应力为压应力,母材端的残余应力变化幅度要比焊缝区的小;焊接接头内壁焊缝及热影响区的残余应力为压应力,而母材承受拉应力。通过对比可知焊接接头内、外壁轴向残余应力分布的计算结果与实测结果高度吻合,说明数值模拟方法可以为管状接头的焊接工艺评定提供便利、可靠的技术支持。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。