特别策划《智能假肢膝关节的研发要点及其研究进展综述》

正《智能假肢膝关节的研发要点及其研究进展综述》序言智能假肢融合了先进的智能控制技术、传感器技术、计算机技术、机械设计与制造技术、新材料技术与康复工程技术,是现代科技发展的综合成果之一。我国有近160万因地震、车祸、工伤等原因导致的下肢截肢者,先进的假肢膝关节可以有效地恢复其运动功能,相关的研究具有重要的社会意义和经济价值。本文在介绍国内外智能假肢膝关节研究主要进展的基础上,从假肢膝关节的结构与调控方式、假肢穿戴者的运动意图识别、驱动控制、人机协调控制等方面做了分析介绍,明确了假肢膝关节在智能化研究与安全性、个性化与通用性、人机共融、科学伦理、关键技术等方面需要注意的问题,归纳了其中的研发要点和技术思路,总结了 "以人为本"、技术方法和科学伦理并重、医工结合与多学科交叉融合的研究方法。     

关键技术

一、泛在感知网络 泛在网络技术是实现未来人机和谐的智能制造的基础技术,其核心是未来工厂中无处不在的传感器所产生信号的获取、传输与集成,通过制定发展路线图,我们将分三个阶段解决泛在感知的两项基础科学问题并突破5项关键技术,为未来新—代的智能制造提供无处不在的网络服务。     

人机共融产品的开发与服务体系研究综述

目的 在新一代人机共融技术发展背景下,通过分析和明确人机共融产品及其服务体系的特征与价值,指出未来发展趋势,为相关设计、技术与应用研究提供参考.方法 从人机共融的概念出发,给出人机共融产品及其服务体系的定义;收集并分析典型的人机共融产品和相关研究,总结整理人机共融产品的关键特征和支撑技术;探索人机共融产品的典型服务场景,对相关研究现状进行综述.结论 指明了人机共融产品具有情境感知、自适应学习、自主决策的典型特征;分析了人机共融产品的服务体系在不同场景中可以被赋予的价值;预测了由技术驱动向设计驱动转化、由单品视角向服务体系视角转变的未来发展趋势.     

人机智能协同研究综述

目的 智能系统在智能制造、智慧城市、医疗健康、生活服务等各种场景中越来越广泛地存在,为应对人与智能系统的交互中所面临的诸多挑战,从技术和体验的视角分析人机智能协同中的关键问题。方法 对从人机交互到人机智能协同的发展脉络与研究范围进行梳理,提出综合技术视角和体验视角的研究框架;从智能系统的特征出发,梳理出技术视角下人机智能协同所带来的新兴问题;从体验的视角探讨如何推动实现人机智能协同;在此基础上总结人机智能协同的发展趋势。结论 总结了人机交互演进的三个阶段;提出了技术视角下人机智能协同的关键问题,包括人机能动性分配、动态学习和修正、情境自适应及主动响应模式;探讨了体验视角下人机智能协同的可解释性、信任问题、情感化及公平负责等问题;指出了人机智能协同全方位、多类型及体系化的发展趋势。     

全维可定义的天地协同组网架构与切片技术研究

面对未来网络对全维度空间泛在互联互通的信息服务需求,现有的卫星互联网基础架构及由此构建的技术体系在异构协同、资源高效、精准按需、稳定可靠等方面仍面临重大挑战。本文首先对我国卫星互联网技术发展需求进行分析研判,讨论了全球卫星互联网技术的发展现状和趋势;其次阐述了代表性的天地协同广域通信网络组网架构、全维可定义的网络节点;最后从网络智能切片、数据解析与转发、资源协调控制机制等方面,提出天地协同网络中面向业务特性的智能切片关键技术。研究建议:依托天地协同网络架构,以网络资源管理控制、网络智慧化、网络结构全维可定义等技术为支撑,突破业务所需的天地协同网络资源智能切片、全维可定义的数据报文灵活解析与转发、天地协同网络资源全局协调控制等关键技术;在国家层面加大对天地协同网络的政策支持力度,为天地协同网络资源全局动态优化技术创新和产业发展提供持续推动力。     

关键技术

<正>一、泛在感知网络泛在网络技术是实现未来人机和谐的智能制造的基础技术,其核心是未来工厂中无处不在的传感器所产生信号的获取、传输与集成,通过制定发展路线图,我们将分三个阶段解决泛在感知的两项基础科学问题并突破5项关键技术,为未来新一代的智能制造提供无处不在的网络服务。     

军事领域中的人机协作研究综述

目的 对军事领域中人机协作的应用现状和理论现状进行归纳与分析,指出未来的发展趋势,旨在为人机协作军事系统的技术发展和设计研究提供理论方向。方法 以无人机系统、无人车系统、无人艇系统的实际应用场景为代表,分析人机协作的军事应用现状;剖析军事背景下国内外人机协作任务分配、人机交互方式、人机交互界面设计、人机协作效能评估的研究进展;综合前人的研究现状对未来的研究发展趋势进行总结。结论 根据国内外研究的现状、热点与趋势可知,人机协作的任务分配需综合考虑人员行为和任务时序等因素,以提高人机协作效率,探寻更优的分配模式;多模态智能交互将成为未来人与无人集群交互的主流形态,多通道结合的信息交流将改变操作员与指控系统互动的方式,实现人与无人集群的高效交互;态势认知是未来智能战场面临的挑战,人机协作为智能态势认知领域的研究奠定了基础。     

航战座舱显控交互研究进展与人机协同发展趋势

目的 为了应对态势信息急速增长的复杂空战环境,人机协同作战应运而生,座舱显控交互是实现人机协同方式的通道,对快速取得战场优势,完成作战目标有着重要影响。方法 梳理了航战座舱显控系统的发展、相关代表人物与研究成果;基于人机协同作战环境中面临的挑战,探究座舱显控的研究现状与趋势;从座舱显控界面信息表征设计和交互的实现形式方面归纳梳理人机协同作战下的座舱显控交互设计研究热点;提出未来座舱显控交互的发展趋势。结论 航战座舱显控交互与人机协同作战密切相关。在智能技术支持与人机协作需求的共同驱动下,人机协同作战下的座舱显控交互向着任务相关、信息呈现、认知融合的界面设计与多通道的交互手段相结合的方向发展。     

智能人机系统的人机融合交互研究综述

目的 对人机融合的研究现状进行了梳理和分析,旨在为智能人机系统研究提供理论支撑.方法 从人机交互和人工智能的概念出发,结合多通道信息融合、人机融合认知决策机制、生理测量和人机融合协作模式等研究,对人机融合和智能人机交互的研究现状、研究热点与趋势进行了分析和归纳.结果 智能机器的信息处理逻辑与人类之间的沟通障碍,抑制了人工智能技术对人机资源整合的工效学意义,人机融合的研究促进了人工智能技术与人机交互的精准合作.结论 智能人机系统中,人、机、物理环境的融合不足是当前学界面临的挑战.人机融合研究应以感知识别、多通道信息融合、认知决策为着力点,帮助机器有效学习、理解、预测人类交互意图,探寻人机对话协作模式的影响要素.人机融合的群体智能对未来人机交互发展有着举足轻重的意义,通过多模态生理融合与自适应的可视化表征机理研究建立认知效率和可视化表征的联系,根据生理指标的变化构建意图空间并指导人机融合协作模式的研究.     

深度学习与工业互联网安全：应用与挑战

工业互联网安全是制造强国和网络强国建设的基石,深度学习因其具有表达能力强、适应性好、可移植性高等优点而可支持"智能自主式"工业互联网安全体系与方法构建,因此促进深度学习与工业互联网安全的融合创新具有鲜明价值。本文从产业宏观、安全技术、深度学习系统等角度全面分析了发展需求,从设备层、控制层、网络层、应用层、数据层的角度剖析了深度学习应用于工业互联网安全的发展现状;阐述了工业互联网深度学习应用在模型训练、模型预测方面的安全挑战,前瞻研判了未来研究的重点方向,如深度神经网络可解释性、样本收集和计算成本、样本集不均衡、模型结果可靠性、可用性与安全性平衡等。研究建议,在总体安全策略方面,深化促进两者的融合发展,建立动态的纵深防御体系;在技术攻关研究方面,采用应用驱动和前沿探索相结合的攻关方式,加快领域关键技术问题的攻关突破;在政策支持与引导方面,合理增加交叉领域的资源投入,建立"产学研"联合研发与应用的生态体系。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.