碳纤维-碳纳米管增强相的构筑及其三相复合材料力学性能

利用化学接枝的方法成功将碳纳米管(CNT)-聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)接枝到碳纤维(CF)表面，构筑CF-g-CNT增强相。结果表明，CF-g-CNT纤维的构筑可以有效地改善复合材料的界面、抗冲击和弯曲性能。考虑增强相对复合材料力学性能的影响，与双马来酰亚胺(BMI)复合后形成的CF-g-CNT/BMI复合材料的界面剪切强度、冲击强度、弯曲模量和弯曲强度分别较CF/BMI提高48.8%,10.8%,5.2%和14.6%;CF-g-CNT/BMI-PEI-CNT复合材料的界面剪切强度、冲击强度、弯曲模量和弯曲强度分别较CF/BMI-PEI-CNT提高56.9%,27.1%,12.5%和16.1%。综合考虑基体相和增强相对复合材料力学性能的影响，CF-g-CNT/BMI-PEI-CNT复合材料的界面剪切强度、冲击强度、弯曲模量和弯曲强度分别较CF/BMI提高57.7%,33.7%,20.0%和23.7%。CF-g-CNT中CNT-PEI可以有效地改变复合材料界面构成，改变界面处水平应力和垂直应力的扩展路径，有效避免应力集中，进而提高复合材料的力学性能。     

酸化改性碳纳米管增韧双马树脂复合材料的研究

使用混酸对碳纳米管表面进行酸化改性,研究了酸化改性碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)在丙酮中的分散稳定性。采用长时超声的方法将MWCNTs-COOH分散在双马树脂(BMI)体系中,制备了烯丙基双酚A改性双马树脂/酸化改性碳纳米管复合材料(BMI-DBA/MWCNTs-COOH)。通过场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)观察MWCNTsCOOH在复合材料中的分散性,研究了复合材料的机械性能、热机械性能和耐热性能。结果表明:与BMI相比,当加入0.2%(质量分数)MWCNTs-COOH时,复合材料的拉伸强度从61.9MPa提高到87.6MPa,提高了42%;弯曲强度从77.6MPa提高到102.9MPa,提高了33%;抗冲击强度从4.84kJ/cm~2提高到7.04kJ/cm~2,提高了约1.5倍。MWCNTs-COOH的引入可有效改善碳纳米管与树脂基体间的界面作用力,显著提高复合材料的模量和玻璃化转变温度(T_g);与BMI相比,加入MWCNTs-COOH的复合材料在N_2氛围下800℃的残炭率提高了约8%。     

碳纤维/碳纳米管-环氧树脂复合材料的耐老化性能

将环氧树脂基体与氨基化碳纳米管(MWNTs)复合,制备了碳纤维/氨基化碳纳米管-环氧树脂(CF/MWNTs-EP)复合材料。表征CF/MWNTs-EP三相复合材料的断面,并在标准条件下测试其冲击、拉伸等力学性能,研究了耐老化性能。结果表明:氨基化碳纳米管的加入明显提高了材料的耐盐雾性、耐热氧老化性和耐湿热性能。氨基化碳纳米管的加入改善了纤维与基体树脂间的界面性能,同时,促进了环氧树脂的固化,降低孔隙率,导致耐老化性能显著提高。当MWNTs-NH2的添加量(质量分数)为1.0%时,在72h和168h不同盐雾时间下,三相复合材料的耐盐雾老化性比CF/EP复合材料分别提高了61.8%和67.5%。在48h、96h和168h热氧老化时间下,三相复合材料的耐热氧老化性比CF/EP复合材料分别提高了43.5%、48.5%和41.7%。在72h和168h不同湿热时间下,三相复合材料的耐湿热老化性比CF/EP复合材料分别提高了52.8%和60.0%。     

还原石墨烯复合材料的力学和电磁性能

采用水合肼对氧化石墨烯进行还原,获得2种含氧量不同的还原石墨烯(rGO),与双马来酰亚胺(BMI)树脂溶液混合并通过湿法预浸工艺制备碳纤维(CF)预浸料,采用热压成型工艺制备rGO-CF/BMI复合材料单向板。研究了rGO的还原程度及含量对复合材料力学性能、玻璃化转变温度及电磁性能的影响。结果表明:在较高温度下制得的rGO2比在较低温度下制得的rGO1具有更高的还原程度,rGO2在树脂中的分散性相对较差。当rGO1与rGO2的质量分数分别为0.1%和0.05%时,rGO1-CF/BMI复合材料和rGO2-CF/BMI复合材料的层间剪切强度分别达到最高,相对于CF/BMI复合材料均提高约14%,而弯曲性能和玻璃化转变温度基本不变。rGO2-CF/BMI复合材料的介电性能优于rGO1-CF/BMI复合材料,当rGO2的质量分数为0.1%时,在12.4~18.0GHz的频率范围内,rGO2-CF/BMI复合材料的介电常数实部较CF/BMI复合材料最高提高约6倍,介电损耗最高提高约3倍。在该频率范围内,rGO1-CF/BMI和rGO2-CF/BMI复合材料均呈弱磁性,对入射电磁波的作用为高反射、低吸收。      

多组分氧化石墨烯/聚醚胺/碳纳米管层级结构碳纤维复合材料的制备及性能研究

利用层层自组装法在碳纤维表面构建多组分氧化石墨烯/聚醚胺/碳纳米管，在碳纤维表面构建新型界面相，从而提高碳纤维与树脂基体的结合能力。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和显微共焦拉曼光谱仪分析了碳纤维表面结构和官能团，采用热导仪测试了碳纤维复合材料的热导率，采用万能试验机测试了碳纤维复合材料的层间剪切强度(ILSS)、复合材料的弯曲强度和弯曲模量。结果表明：当碳纤维表面氧化石墨烯/聚醚胺/碳纳米管循环组装2次后，碳纤维复合材料的热导率提高了51.5%,层间剪切强度提高了52.2%,弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提高了33.3%和60.1%。     

聚芳醚砜醚酮酮及其炭纤维复合材料的力学性能

合成了聚醚砜醚酮酮(PESEKK),研究了纯树脂的热、力学性能。制备了炭纤维和聚醚砜醚酮酮(炭纤维是标准T300)复合材料,着重研究了此新型复合材料的力学性能。结果表明,随着复合材料中PESEKK树脂质量比增加,T300CF/PESEKK复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、拉伸模量和弯曲模量逐渐增加。其中弯曲强度和弯曲模量增加的幅度比拉伸强度和拉伸模量增加的幅度更大。当PESEKK质量分数为60%左右时,复合材料的综合力学性能达到最佳值。因此聚醚砜醚酮酮可作为增强炭纤维力学性能的基体树脂。     

碳纤维/SiO2/聚苯并(噁)嗪复合材料的制备及性能研究

以纳米SiO2/聚苯并(噁)嗪(PBOZ)为基体树脂,与碳纤维(CF)复合,制备了CF/SiO2/PBOZ复合材料,研究了纳米SiO2含量对其弯曲强度、层间剪切强度以及断面形貌的影响.结果表明,纳米SiO2含量为4%时,CF/SiO2/PBOZ复合材料的性能最好,材料的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度分别达到835和72.1MP...     

聚吡咯涂覆碳纤维的制备及其复合材料的力学性能研究

采用在一定程度下可控的电化学聚合法在碳纤维表面快速一步构建了聚吡咯(Ppy)共轭高分子膜，再利用真空辅助树脂传递模塑技术(VARTM)将碳纤维(CF)与环氧树脂(EP)制备成复合材料。使用扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱仪对碳纤维的表面形态和结构进行分析与表征，并通过对碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(CF/EP)进行层间剪切强度试验和三点弯曲实验来研究其力学性能。结果表明：与未经处理的CF/EP相比，碳纤维表面具有聚吡咯涂层的CF/EP其层间剪切强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别提升了37.6%、24.3%和37.5%。因此，通过简单高效的一步电聚合法在碳纤维表面修饰聚吡咯涂层，可有效地提高CF/EP的整体力学性能。     

基于碳纤维表面修饰制备碳纤维织物增强聚苯硫醚(CFF/PPS)热塑性复合材料

碳纤维织物增强聚苯硫醚(CFF/PPS)复合材料是重要的热塑性航空复合材料,其难点为提高碳纤维(CF)与基体的浸润性及界面强度。探讨了CF表面修饰对CFF/PPS界面结合强度的影响,对比了热处理去浆及三种表面修饰剂对碳纤维单丝及CFF/PPS复合材料的改性效果。采用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、单丝强度测试、复合材料静力学测试和动态力学分析等手段对CF表面修饰效果进行评价,建立了基于CF表面修饰制备高性能CFF/PPS热塑性航空复合材料的方法。制备的复合材料层间剪切强度达91.4MPa,弯曲强度953.7MPa,拉伸强度797.4MPa,模量68.4GPa,冲击强度58.3kJ/m2,用SEM观察到CF表面包覆大量PPS树脂。     

碳纳米管/碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料研究

制备了碳纳米管(CNTs)/碳纤维(CF)/环氧树脂(EP)三元复合材料。研究了CNTs含量对复合材料层间剪切强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量的影响,并采用场发射扫描电镜分析了CNTs在基体树脂中的分散情况。结果表明:复合材料性能的变化源自于CNTs在基体树脂中的分散状态。当CNTs含量为0.2%(wt,下同)时,复合材料剪切强度和弯曲强度达到最大值,分别为99.2MPa和1811.4MPa,但其弯曲模量下降了8.7GPa。当CNTs添加量达到1%时,其弯曲模量达到135.9GPa,较未加入CNTs时提高了11.1%,层间剪切强度和弯曲强度分别降低了5.5MPa和359.5MPa。     

检定和校准证书的异同与应用

本文介绍了检定和校准以及证书的两点相同、五点不同之处,说明了对检定证书和校准证书的正确应用。     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates

We have synthesized a variety of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatometallates (titanates, zirconates, and hafnates). The alkali fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates have been shown to exhibit efficient roentgenoluminescence (RL) in the UV through visible spectral region, with a maximum at 390–440 nm. Their RL spectra depend significantly on their composition (cation, anion, and water content), coordination of KF and K₂SO₄, and relative amounts of fluorine and SO₄ groups. We have examined the effect of heat treatment on the RL of these compounds. The rubidium and cesium fluorosulfatozirconates Rb₃Zr₂F₉SO₄ · 2H₂O, Cs₂ZrF₂(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O, Cs₈Zr₄F₂(SO₄)₁₁ · 16H₂O, and Cs₂ZrF₄SO₄ offer the most efficient RL.     

The shape and stability of wall-bound and wall-edge-bound drops and bubbles

The behavior of wall-bound drops and bubbles is fundamental to many natural and industrial processes. Key characteristics of such capillary systems include interface shape and stability for a variety of gravity levels and orientations. Significant solutions are in hand for axisymmetric pendent drops for a variety of uniform boundary conditions along the contact line with gravity acting normal to a planar wall. The special case of a wall-bound drop or bubble that is also pinned at an edge (i.e. a ‘wall-edge-bound’ drop) is considered here where numerical solutions are obtained for interface shape and stability as functions of drop volume, contact angle, fluid properties, and uniform gravity vector. For a semi-infinite zero-thickness planar wall (plate), a critical contact angle is identified below which wall-edge-bound drops are always stable. The critical contact angle is computed as a function of the gravity vector. The numerical procedure, which makes no account for contact angle hysteresis, predicts that such wall-edge-bound drops are unconditionally unstable for any gravity field with a component that is tangent to the wall while inwardly normal to the edge. Select experiments are conducted that support the conclusions drawn from the numerical results.     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Heat and Mass Transfer and Modeling and Prediction of Environmental Catastrophes

Basic definitions and concepts of the physicomathematical theory of natural catastrophes are given. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of natural and technogenic catastrophes are discussed in the context of the theory of heat and mass transfer and the mechanics of reacting media. The importance of taking into account conjugate heat and mass exchange in modeling catastrophes is emphasized. A formula for evaluating the probability of a collisional catastrophe is given.     

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces

The existence of multiple ferroic orders in the same material and the coupling between them have been known for decades. However, these phenomena have mostly remained the theoretical domain owing to the fact that in single-phase materials such couplings are rare and weak. This situation has changed dramatically recently for at least two reasons: first, advances in materials fabrication have made it possible to manufacture these materials in structures of lower dimensionality, such as thin films or wires, or in compound structures such as laminates and epitaxial-layered heterostructures. In these designed materials, new degrees of freedom are accessible in which the coupling between ferroic orders can be greatly enhanced. Second, the miniaturization trend in conventional electronics is approaching the limits beyond which the reduction of the electronic element is becoming more and more difficult. One way to continue the current trends in computer power and storage increase, without further size reduction, is to use multi-functional materials that would enable new device capabilities. Here, we review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials, putting the emphasis on electronic effects at ME interfaces and MF tunnel junctions.