不同增强体对SiC涂层性能的影响

采用3种工艺,以石墨为基体制备SiC抗氧化涂层,通过引入不同组分优化涂层相结构并对其性能进行研究。分别测试了不同制备工艺下的试样在1400℃下的抗氧化性能。通过分析试样氧化前后表面及侧面的SEM图以及涂层XRD衍射结果,研究涂层形貌、相结构及氧化机理。实验结果表明,同时引入SiC晶须及MoSi2的涂层在1400℃下氧化10h,氧化失重不超过1%,表现出良好的抗氧化性能;SiC晶须的存在能够减少涂层微裂纹的产生,减少渗Si过程中Si对基体的腐蚀;MoSi2和Mo的加入均能提高涂层质量并表现出较好的自愈合能力。     

NiCoCrAlYHf涂层材料的1200℃高温氧化行为

本文研究了采用精密铸造成型技术制备的NiCoCrAlYHf涂层材料在1200℃高温氧化行为。对于涂层材料试样进行了1200℃循环抗氧化实验,来评价其抗氧化性能,通过扫描电镜分析氧化后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层材料的相结构,通过氧化速率对涂层材料抗氧化性能进行表征。试验结果表明:NiCoCrAlYHf涂层材料在1200℃的循环氧化寿命大于300h;氧化后涂层材料表面形成了氧化膜以Al_2O_3为主,相结构主要由Al_2O_3和Ni_3Al为主。     

高速电弧喷涂铁基涂层的热震和抗高温氧化性能

采用粉芯丝材和高速电弧喷涂技术(HVAS)成功制备了Fe基涂层,研究了涂层高温性能及相应的组织结构.结果表明:涂层的抗热震以及抗高温氧化能力相当好,涂层经650℃和800 ℃ 30次热震后试样表面基本完好;涂层氧化时氧是在层与层之间扩散的,热震试验时出现的裂纹和涂层脱落均是由层间氧化物引起的;Fe基涂层经800℃、200 h氧化后增重约为10 mg/cm2,抗氧化能力较好,甚至优于某些耐热钢如12CrMoV,主要是因为铬元素形成氧化膜抑制了氧向涂层内部的进一步扩散.     

涂层结构对Ti-Al-N涂层氧化行为的影响

采用多弧离子镀技术及TiA合金靶,在SKH51高速钢基体上沉积了Ti1-xAlxN单层构型涂层和TN/Ti1_xAlxN复合多层构型涂层,分析其高温氧化行为.用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、电子探针等手段表征了涂层氧化后的组织结构和元素分布.试验发现,基体Fe元素扩散到涂层表面意味着SKH51涂层试样剧烈氧化阶段的开始.当涂层的构型相同时,涂层的抗氧化性能随着涂层中铝含量增加而单调增加.但对于TiN/Ti0.33Al0.67N复合多层构型涂层,其抗氧化性则比Ti0.33Al0.67N单层构型涂层差,高于铝含量基本相同的Ti0.67A0.33N单层构型涂层.空气中800℃恒温退火,TiN/Ti0.33 Al0.67N涂层出现严重氧化的时间是43h,Ti0.33Al0.67N、Ti0.67Al0.33N涂层分别为53 h和11h.因此,Ti-Al-N涂层的抗氧化性不仅同涂层中铝含量有关,涂层构型也起着重要用.     

K4104镍基高温合金Al-Si涂层高温氧化过程中的元素扩散分析

采用无机盐料浆法在K4104镍基高温合金表面制备Al-Si涂层。依据GB/T13303-91《钢的抗氧化性能测定方法》标准,采用静态增重法对有涂层试样和无涂层试样进行了1000℃×200h抗高温氧化性能试验,并绘制了氧化动力学曲线。用带能谱扫描电镜对氧化膜的表面形貌和截面组织进行分析,研究有无涂层试样在高温氧化过程中的元素扩散。结果表明:Al-Si涂层和基体合金之间在高温氧化过程中的互扩散形成了厚度为120~140um的渗层。随着氧化时间的延长,外层铝含量逐渐降低,但仍能保持稳定的β-NiAl相。Si在扩散作用下形成内高外低的分布形式,形成的Cr3Si和富Si的M6C相有利于阻止涂层和基体元素之间的互扩散,降低化合物层的形成速度,体现了Al-Si涂层良好的抗高温氧化能力。     

C/C复合材料的SiC/Si-B4C涂层在500~1 500℃的抗氧化机制

为提高C/C复合材料的宽温域抗氧化性能,开发了一种新型SiC/Si-B₄C复合涂层,利用热重法对C/C复合材料的SiC/Si-B₄C复合涂层进行氧化试验,研究了试样从室温到1 500℃的氧化行为,在1 500℃保温2 h后,试样增重仅为2.21%。分别对SiC、Si和B₄C三种粉体进行了不同温度（500~1 500℃）的氧化试验,分析了涂层各组分的高温氧化行为,阐明了SiC、Si和B₄C的有效抗氧化温域,通过氧化动力学计算得到SiC和Si的氧化活化能分别为196.7 kJ/mol和167.3 kJ/mol。结果表明,SiC/Si-B₄C涂层中各组分的抗氧化性能形成了良好的协同作用,复合涂层具有良好的宽温域自愈合能力,在600~1 500℃范围内表现出良好的抗氧化性能。     

Cf/SiC复合材料SiC/(ZrB2-SiC/SiC)4涂层的制备及性能研究

以C_f/SiC复合材料为基体, 采用浆料浸涂法和脉冲CVD法制备了SiC/(ZrB₂-SiC/SiC)₄涂层, 借助XRD、扫描电镜及能谱对涂层的结构及组成进行了分析研究, 并初步考查了其高温抗氧化性能. 结果表明, 涂层总厚度约100μm, 主要由ZrB₂-SiC涂层与脉冲CVD SiC涂层交替覆盖而成. 在1500℃空气中氧化25h, 未涂层试样失重明显; 脉冲CVD SiC涂层试样氧化失重率为5.1%; 而SiC/(ZrB₂-SiC/SiC)₄涂层试样出现增重现象, 增重率达2.5%, 表现出优异的抗氧化性能.     

Cf/SiC复合材料SiC/(ZrB2-SiC/SiC)4涂层的制备及性能研究

以C_f/SiC复合材料为基体, 采用浆料浸涂法和脉冲CVD法制备了SiC/(ZrB₂-SiC/SiC)₄涂层, 借助XRD、扫描电镜及能谱对涂层的结构及组成进行了分析研究, 并初步考查了其高温抗氧化性能. 结果表明, 涂层总厚度约100μm, 主要由ZrB₂-SiC涂层与脉冲CVD SiC涂层交替覆盖而成. 在1500℃空气中氧化25h, 未涂层试样失重明显; 脉冲CVD SiC涂层试样氧化失重率为5.1%; 而SiC/(ZrB₂-SiC/SiC)₄涂层试样出现增重现象, 增重率达2.5%, 表现出优异的抗氧化性能.     

炭/炭复合材料高温抗氧化MoSi2/SiC复合涂层及其抗氧化特性

采用两段式包埋法和封闭处理的复合新工艺制得抗氧化性优良的MoSi₂/SiC复合梯度C/C复合材料高温抗氧化涂层。涂层由内至外结构为:SiC过渡层→SiC致密层→MoSi₂/SiC双相层→以MoSi₂为主的外层。对未封闭处理的涂层,制备过程中高温保温时间长的氧化失重少,1200℃、1300℃空气中氧化失重比1400℃、1500℃氧化失重大。用正硅酸四乙酯对涂层表面进行封闭处理,凝胶形成的SiO₂可充填涂层表面裂纹并覆盖在涂层表面。在1500℃空气中氧化一定时间后,未封闭处理的涂层试样表现为氧化失重;封闭处理后的试样为氧化增重,氧化52h仍然只有1.28%的增重,封闭处理使涂层的抗氧化性能明显改善。      

单晶合金(NiCoCrAlYHf+AlYSi)复合涂层抗氧化性能研究

本文采用真空电弧镀技术(AIP)在DD9单晶高温合金基体上沉积60μm~80μm复合涂层(NiCoCrAlYHf+AlYSi),分析了复合涂层的组织及结构。对于沉积复合涂层的试样进行了1150℃循环抗氧化实验,来评价其抗氧化性能,通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析氧化前后的试样显微形貌,用X-射线衍射仪分析涂层的相结构,通过氧化速率对涂层抗氧化性能进行表征。试验结果表明:复合涂层明显改善了合金的抗高温氧化性能;1150℃循环氧化条件下,复合涂层寿命大于4200h。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.