微量RE对Sn-2．5Ag-0．7Cu钎料合金润湿性的影响

采用润湿平衡法,研究了水洗钎剂条件下Sn-2.5Ag-0.7Cu-xRE无铅钎料合金在1206片式元器件和Cu焊盘上的润湿性.结果表明,添加质量分数为0.1%的RE的Sn-2.5Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金在1206表面贴装元器件和Cu焊盘上有最大的润湿力和铺展面积及最小的润湿角,其润湿性最好,润湿力优于Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金,满足微电子行业对润湿性能的要求.     

ZL102合金用低温软钎料的研究

Sn-9Zn共晶钎料可以用于钎焊钎焊性极差的铸造铝合金ZL102，在Sn-9Zn钎料的基础上添加In元素，以提高钎料对ZL102合金的润湿。本文对Sn-9Zn和Sn-9Zn-5In两种软钎料对ZL102合金润型，界面结合等方面进行研究，分析实验结果可知，Sn-9Zn-5In钎料的性能优于Sn-9Zn共晶钎料。     

Sn-Zn-Bi-(P,Nd)无铅钎料的微观组织及性能

研究了复合加入P,Nd元素的Sn-8Zn-3Bi钎料的微观组织、力学性能、抗氧化性及润湿性.结果表明,单独加入元素P会导致Sn-8Zn-3Bi钎料组织中出现初生Zn相,而同时加入元素P和Nd不仅能够抑制初生Zn相的形成,钎料组织也能够得到细化,因此钎料的塑性提高,断后伸长率达到48%.P,Nd元素的复合添加能够在钎料表面形成稳定的扩散阻挡层,抑制P元素在长时间加热条件下的烧损,进一步降低表面的氧化速度.由于钎料的抗氧化性提高,Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.1P-0.05Nd钎料呈现出更好的润湿性.     

水洗钎剂下SnAgCu系钎料对不同基板的润湿特性

选用商用水洗钎剂，采用润湿平衡法，研究了低银SnAgCu系钎料合金在表面贴装元器件及紫铜板上的润湿特性。研究结果表明，在Ag的质量分数为2．5％时，SnAg2．5Cu0．7钎料合金具有最大的润湿力和铺展面积及最小的润湿角。其润湿力高于现行商用SnAg3．8Cu0．7钎料合金，完全可满足表面组装元器件对其润湿性能的要求。     

低熔点Sn-Zn-Bi无铅钎料的组织和性能

研究了Sn—Zn—Bi钎料的组织、相变及润湿性．在Sn-9Zn二元共晶的基础上加入质量分数为(2～10)％的Bi,合金结晶过程中形成富Zn的初生相．这导致合金的结晶温度降低,也标志着熔点的降低,但熔程扩大．在加Bi基础上,适当降低Zn的含量则可以缩小熔程,且熔点无明显变化．Bi的加入明显改善了Si—Zn系钎料的润湿性,提高了钎料在Cu基底上的铺展面积,缩短了润湿时间．钎料中Zn原子向Cu基底的扩散而形成扩散反应层,导致钎料熔体／Cu界面能的下降．因此,钎料中Zn含量提高,其在Gu基底上的铺展面积增大,润湿力提高．而由于扩散过程需要一定时间,导致润湿时间延长．因此,必须合理控制Zn的含量以获得铺展性与润湿时间的良好匹配．     

Fe颗粒含量对Sn35Bi/Cu钎焊接头组织性能影响

采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)以及万能力学试验机等研究了Fe颗粒含量对Sn35Bi-xFe/Cu钎焊接头组织和性能的影响,并研究了Fe颗粒含量对Sn35Bi-Fe合金钎料的铺展面积和润湿性的影响.结果表明:向Sn35Bi合金钎料中加入少量Fe颗粒,会在Fe颗粒周围生成很薄的FeSn2化合物,降低固相/液相的界面能,提高相的形核率,细化接头的组织;当Fe颗粒含量为1 mass％时,接头组织的细化程度最佳;向Sn35Bi合金钎料中加入Fe颗粒,可以有效提高合金钎料的润湿性和力学性能,当Fe含量为1 mass％时,Sn35Bi-1Fe合金钎料的铺展面积最大,润湿角最小,润湿性能最佳,Sn35Bi-1Fe/Cu接头的剪切强度达到最大,为50.23 MPa,与Sn35Bi/Cu接头相比,提高了37.7％.     

Cu/Sn-58Bi-xCe/Cu钎焊接头基体组织和力学性能的研究

研究了Ce对Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu钎焊接头显微组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明:Ce颗粒的添加可有效细化钎料基体组织,当Ce添加量为0.5wt%时,组织最为细小弥散,具有较小的Sn-Bi两相片层间距;铺展系数随Ce含量的增加而表现出先上升后下降的趋势,Sn-58Bi-0.5Ce钎料表现出较好的铺展性能;Cu/Sn-58Bi-0.5Ce/Cu钎焊接头在获得最佳抗拉强度的同时,仍表现出较好韧性;Ce的最佳添加量为0.5wt%。     

铟对SnCu钎料合金性能的影响研究

在Sn99.3Cu0.7钎料合金中添加不同含量的合金元素铟,并进行了铺展试验和润湿平衡试验。结果表明,随铟含量从0%增大到0.406%时,Sn Cu In钎料合金的焊接性能先提高后下降。与不添加合金元素铟相比,添加0.301%铟时Sn99.3Cu0.7钎料合金的铺展面积增大16.3%、润湿时间缩短32.1%、最大润湿力增大29.7%。合金元素铟的优选含量为0.301%。     

稀土元素Nd对Sn-Zn-Ga无铅钎料组织及性能的影响

研究了添加合金元素Ga及稀土元素Nd对Sn-Zn钎料润湿性能、显微组织和焊点力学性能的影响.结果表明,在钎料中适当添加Nd元素,可以提高钎料的润湿性能,当Nd元素的质量分数为0.1％时,钎料的润湿力最大,润湿时间最短,润湿性能达到最佳.同时适当升高温度时润湿性能得到改善.随着Nd元素的加入,钎料中大块的黑色针状富锌相逐渐变少,钎料基体组织得到细化,在Nd元素的添加量达到0.1％时,钎料的组织最为均匀、细小.同时Nd元素的加入可以改善焊点的力学性能,在Nd元素含量为0.1％时抗剪强度增至最大.因此Nd元素在Sn-9Zn-0.5 Ga钎料中的最佳添加量为0.1％左右.     

cnBi对Sn-0.8Ag-0.5Cu无铅钎料熔化特性和润湿性的影响

采用差示扫描量热仪和可焊性测试仪分析了Sn-0.8Ag-0.5Cu-xBi钎料的熔化特性和润湿性.结果表明,向Sn-0.8Ag-0.5Cu低银无铅钎料合金中加人适量Bi元素可显著降低合金的熔化起始温度和改善钎料的润湿性,当Bi质量分数达到3.0%时,熔化起始温度比原合金降低6.8℃,当Bi质量分数为2.0%时,最大润湿力达到最大值3.91mN.因此,添加适量的Bi可以同时达到降低低银钎料熔点和改善其润湿性的效果.     

Effect of Nd and La on surface tension and wettability of Sn-8Zn-3Bi solders

Maximum bubble pressure measurement was employed to evaluate surface tension of Sn-8Zn-3Bi- （0-0.15）Nd and Sn-8Zn-3Bi-（0 -0. 15）La solder melts. Wetting balance method was used to measure wetting force and wetting time on Cu substrate of the two group solders. The experimental results show that minute amount of Nd or La addition to Sn-8Zn-3Bi solder causes significant decrease of the surface tension of the solder melts at 200 - 240 ℃ and Nd addition is more effective on reduction of surface tension than that of La. Nd or La addition has the effect on enhancing the wetting force of the solder melts on Cu substrate, which results from the de- crease of interracial tension between the solder melt and Cu substrate. The wetting force reaches the maximum when 0.1% Nd is added to the base alloy. The contact angle between Sn-8Zn-3Bi base solders and Cu substrate decreases with the addition of Nd or La and the minimum of the contact angle is obtained from the solder with 0.1% Nd addition.     

Electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Pb-free Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloys in chloride containing aqueous solution

The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Pb-free Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloys was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution by using potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The results obtained from polarization studies revealed that there was a negative shift in the corrosion potential with increase in Ga content from 0.02 to 0.2 wt% in the Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-XGa alloy. These changes were also reflected in the corrosion current density (I_corr) value, corrosion rate and linear polarization resistance (LPR) of the four element alloy. However, for Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy a significant increase in the corrosion rate and corrosion current density was observed as compared to the four element alloys. SIMS depth profile results established that ZnO present on the outer surface of Sn-8.5Zn-0.05Al-0.05Ga alloy played a major role in the formation of the oxide film. Oxides of Sn, Al and Ga contributed a little towards the formation of film on the outer surface of the alloy. On the other hand, Ag₂O was primarily responsible for the formation of the oxide film on the outer surface of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu alloy.     

The Inhibition of Tin Whiskers on the Surface of Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.5Ce Solders

Through the refinement of the (Ce, Zn)Sn₃ intermetallic phase, the formation of tin whiskers, previously observed on the surface of a Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu-0.5Ce solder, was prevented in a Sn-9Zn-0.5Ce alloy. However, whisker growth can still occur on the surface of Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.5Ce solder after air storage at room temperature and at 150 °C due to the formation of large (Ce, Zn)Sn₃ intermetallic clusters. Further experiments showed that decreasing the Bi-content in this Sn-8Zn-0.5Ce alloy to 1 and 2 wt.% can recover the beneficial effects of Zn additions on the refinement of the (Ce, Zn)Sn₃ phase and obviously reduce the appearance of tin whiskers. In addition, alloying the Sn-8Zn-3Bi-0.5Ce solder with 0.5 wt.% Ge, which increases the oxidation resistance of the (Ce, Zn)Sn₃ intermetallic clusters, can also effectively inhibit tin whisker growth.     

Wetting of Sn-Zn-<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis>In (<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis> = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) Alloys on Cu and Ni Substrates

Wetting angles of Sn-8.8Zn and Sn-8.8Zn-xIn alloys (x = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 wt%) were studied with the sessile drop method. Wetting tests were carried out for 900 s in the presence of ORM0 flux at 493, 523, and 573 K on copper and at 523 K on nickel substrates, respectively. It was found that the addition of In to Sn-8.8Zn alloy improves its wetting on both substrates by reducing the value of apparent wetting angle. Also, with increasing temperature a decrease of wetting angle on copper is observed in the case of 0 and 1.5 wt% of In alloys. Solidified solder-substrate couples were cross-sectioned and examined with scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive X-ray analysis. Interlayers were found at the interface of solders with copper and nickel, and their compositions are close to Cu₅Zn₈ and Ni₅Zn₂₁ intermetallics, respectively. However, in the case of Sn-8.8Zn-1.5/Ni couple small scallops are observed instead of continuous interlayer.     

Sn-6Bi-2Ag(Cu, Sb)无铅钎料合金微观组织分析

利用差示扫描量热计 (DSC)测定了Sn 6Bi 2Ag ,Sn 6Bi 2Ag 0 .5Cu ,Sn 6Bi 2Ag 2 .5Sb三种新无铅钎料合金的熔化温度。结果表明 ,少量Cu的加入能降低Sn Bi Ag系无铅钎料合金的熔化温度 ,而Sb的加入使合金的熔化温度升高。利用光学显微镜 (OM )、扫描电子显微镜 (SEM )、能谱分析 (EDX)对合金的微观组织进行了分析与比较 ,钎料合金的微观组织与冷却条件和合金元素的含量有关 ,Sb的加入使析出相的尺寸细化。硬度测定表明Sn Bi Ag(Cu ,Sb)无铅钎料合金的硬度远大于纯Sn的硬度 ,加入少量的Cu(0 .5 % ) ,Sb(2 .5 % )对Sn Bi Ag系钎料合金的硬度影响较小     

Solderability and intermetallic compounds formation of Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solders wetted on Cu substrate

The eutectic Sn-9Zn alloy was doped with Ag (0 wt.%-1 wt.%) to form Sn-9Zn-xAg lead-free solder alloys. The effect of the addition of Ag on the microstructure and solderability of this alloy was investigated and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) formed at the solder/Cu interface were also examined in this study. The results show that, due to the addition of Ag, the microstructure of the solder changes. When the quantity of Ag is lower than 0.3 wt.%, the needle-like Zn-rich phase decreases gradually. However, when the quantity of Ag is 0.5 wt.%-1 wt.%, Ag-Zn intermetallic compounds appear in the solder. In particular, adding 0.3 wt.% Ag improves the wetting behavior due to the better oxidation resistance of the Sn-9Zn solder. The addition of an excessive amount of Ag will deteriorate the wetting property because the glutinosity and fluidity of Sn-9Zn-(0.5, 1)Ag solder decrease. The results also indicate that the addition of Ag to the Sn-Zn solder leads to the precipitation of ε-AgZn₃ from the liquid solder on preformed interfacial intermetallics (Cu₅Zn₈). The peripheral AgZn₃, nodular on the Cu₅Zn₈ IMCs layer, is likely to be generated by a peritectic reaction L + γ-Ag₅Zn₈ → ɛ-AgZn₃ and the following crystallization of AgZn₃.     

Effects of Zn,Zn-Al and Zn-P Additions on the Tensile Properties of Sn-Bi Solder

Effects of Zn, Zn-Al and Zn-P additions on melting points, microstructures, tensile properties, and oxidation behaviors of Sn-40 Bi lead-free solder were investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of these three types of elements can refine the microstructures and improve the ultimate tensile strength（UTS） of solder alloys. The fractographic analysis illustrates that ductile fracture is the dominant failure mode in tensile tests of Sn-40Bi-2Zn（SBZ）and Sn-40Bi-2Zn-0.005Al（SBZA） specimens, while brittle fracture is the controlled manner in Sn-40Bi-2Zn-0.005P（SBZP） and Sn-58 Bi solders. XPS analysis indicates that trace amounts of both Al and P additives in solder can improve the antioxidant capacity, whereas only the additive of Al in solder can reduce the thickness of oxidation film.     

The effect of reflow process variables on the wettability of lead-free solders

A quantitative dynamic solder wettability measurement was utilized to evaluate the effects of reflow processing on the wettability parameters associated with the lead-free solders 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 58Bi-42Sn. Solder wettability was determined with respect to the final degree of spread and the extent of solder wetting onto the terminal areas of surface-mount components. The solder alloy composition of 96.5Sn-3.5Ag exhibited better wetting characteristics than the 58Bi-42Sn alloy. This wetting behavior was enhanced under the reflow conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere and the use of a gold metallization. The wetting of the conventional 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy was improved over the comparatively processed 58Bi-42Sn alloy. However, the 63Sn-37Pb solder alloy displayed a greater sensitivity to reflow atmosphere than the 96.5Sn-3.5Ag alloy, which generally exhibited better wetting characteristics than the Sn-Pb alloy.