丙基硝基胍（PrNQ）热化学特性及分解机理（英文）

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重分析(TGA)法研究了丙基硝基胍(PrNQ)的热分解行为和非等温分解反应动力学,利用原位红外技术研究了PrNQ分子的分解机理,利用DSC实验研究了PrNQ与黑索今(RDX),奥克托今(HMX),六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20),5,5′-联四唑-1,1′-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50)的相容性。结果表明,PrNQ的熔点约为99℃,可应用于熔铸炸药体系。PrNQ的热稳定性良好,PrNQ的熔融和分解温度相差约137℃,可保证熔铸工艺的安全性。根据DSC实验,PrNQ与HMX及TKX-50的ΔT_p分别为-0.3 K和1.36 K,表明其与HMX及TKX-50相容性良好。     

新型耐热含能钙钛矿化合物（C6H14N2）［Na（ClO4）3］的热分解行为

（C₆H₁₄N₂）［Na（ClO₄）₃］是新型含能钙钛矿化合物的典型代表,需明确其热分解行为、热分解机制及感度特性,以推动其在配方中的应用。以差示扫描量热-热重分析方法实现了分解放热量、分解温度等参数的获取;以动力学模拟计算解析了相关分解机理;以同步热分析-红外-质谱联用技术结合原位红外技术探索了（C₆H₁₄N₂）［Na（ClO₄）₃］的分解产物及分解历程;以国军标法获得了热感度、摩擦感度与撞击感度参数。结果表明：在10 ℃·min^-1的升温速率下,（C₆H₁₄N₂）［Na（ClO₄）₃］分解放热量为4227 J·g^-1,分解温度则达到345 ℃,高于黑索今（RDX）、奥克托今（HMX）、六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）等多数现役含能材料,显示了优异的热稳定性;分解产物研究表明其立方笼状骨架有效稳定了内部结合的有机物分子,使其热稳定性较高。此外,（C₆H₁₄N₂）［Na（ClO₄）₃］在100 ℃下加热48 h的放气量约0.04 mL·g^-1,撞击感度与机械感度分别为32%和80%,优于RDX和HMX。     

全氘代NQ和FOX-7的合成

以非氘代硝基胍（NQ）和1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7）为原料,采用氢氘（H/D）交换法,合成得到全氘代硝基胍（NQ-d₄）和全氘代1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯（FOX-7-d₄）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、核磁共振氢谱（¹H NMR）、核磁共振碳谱（¹³C NMR）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）、热重-微分热重（TG-DTG）、差示扫描量热（DSC）和中子衍射等对目标产物进行了分析表征。DSC/TG数据表明,NQ-d₄和FOX-7-d₄的分解温度较非氘代NQ和FOX-7分别高出2.5 ℃和2.6 ℃。采用中子衍射法,测得所合成NQ-d₄的氘代率为95.27%,FOX-7-d₄的氘代率为98.87%。采用面积归一法,HPLC测定所合成NQ-d₄的纯度为99.51%,FOX-7-d₄的纯度为99.28%。     

3，3′-联（1，2，4-噁二唑）-5，5′-二甲醇（BOD）的水解反应机理与合成工艺

通过理论计算的方法探究了3,3′-联（1,2,4-噁二唑）-5,5′-二甲硝酸酯（BOM）的中间体3,3′-联（1,2,4-噁二唑）-5,5′-二甲醇乙酸酯（BODM）水解生成3,3′-联（1,2,4-噁二唑）-5,5′-二甲醇（BOD）的反应机理,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化了合成工艺,并通过单晶检测、X射线衍射（XRD）、红外光谱分析（FTIR）、核磁共振、差示扫描量热法（DSC）等对BOD的结构和性能进行分析测试。结果发现,其反应机理为BODM中的—［O］—中的孤对电子与H₂O中的H形成OH…O氢键,随后—［O］—［C═O］—中的O—C键断裂,H₂O中的H和—OH分别与—［O］—和—［C═O］—成键形成—OH和—COOH基团。并发现BOD的晶体属于单斜晶系,空间群为C2/c,晶胞夹角α=90°,β=105.361（7）°,γ=90°,晶胞体积v=774.9（2） ų,密度ρ=1.698 g·cm^-3,其熔点和分解峰温分别为197.18 ℃和278.37 ℃。单因素实验结果表明,随着反应时间和溶剂的增加,BOD的得率先上升后趋于稳定;随着反应温度的增加,BOD的得率先缓慢上升后快速下降;随着BODM与碳酸钾的摩尔比的增加,BOD的得率先上升后下降。此外,通过正交实验优化了工艺条件,结果显示45 ℃下,BODM在碳酸钾的甲醇溶液中水解反应8 h,其中BODM与碳酸钾的摩尔比为15∶1,得率为94%。研究为BOD的放大及规模化生产提供了理论基础与实验参考。     

解耦合法研究1,1′-二羟基-5,5′-联四唑二羟胺盐（TKX-50）热分解（英）

为了研究1,1′-二羟基-5,5"-联四唑二羟胺盐（TKX-50）的热分解，分别采用热重和差示扫描量热法进行热分解试验研究，并采用MATLAB软件对重合部分进行解耦合，用Málek方法对TKX-50热分解过程进行动力学研究。结果表明，TKX-50的热分解过程分为两个阶段，用MATLAB 软件获得两个阶段完整的热分解曲线，并分别获得不同升温速率下各个阶段的T_onset、T_p、ΔH等基础参数。TKX-50的热分解遵循自催化反应模型，并分别获得动力学参数包括活化能、指前因子和动力学模型等，第一阶段：E_a=174.99 kJ?mol^-1，lnA=40.75，f(α)=α^0.917(1-α)^0.509；第二阶段：E_a=149.60 kJ?mol^-1，lnA=31.84，f(α)=α^0.357(1-α)^0.117。     

亚甲基二硝基胍(BNGM)的热行为（英）

为进一步评估亚甲基二硝基胍（BNGM）的热稳定性,采用差示扫描量热法（DSC）,微量热仪,热重‐微分热重分析（TG/ DTG）和撞击实验,研究了BNGM的热分解行为、比热容、绝热至爆时间,并测试了其撞击感度。结果表明：BNGM的热行为分为两个放热分解过程,10 ℃·min^-1下两个分解过程的峰温分别为208.1 ℃和292.5 ℃,其自加速分解温度和热爆炸临界温度分别为189.6 ℃和190.9 ℃,298.15 K时摩尔热容为251.9 J·mol^-1·K^-1,估算绝热至爆时间约为280 s,撞击感度大于23.5 J,表明BNGM热稳定性良好。     

高聚物黏结剂对HMX相变行为的影响

为了探究高聚物黏结剂对奥克托今（HMX）相变行为的影响,使用压装成型工艺制备了含聚酯型聚氨酯（HMX-Estane）、氟橡胶（HMX-F₂₃₁₄）、硝化纤维素（HMX-F₂₃₁₄-NC）的HMX基高聚物黏结炸药以及纯HMX药柱,利用原位变温X射线广角散射（WAXS）技术和差示扫描量热法,研究了热刺激下样品中HMX的相变行为和机制。WAXS结果表明,HMX-Estane（95∶5）、HMX药柱、HMX-F₂₃₁₄（95∶5）、HMX-F₂₃₁₄-NC（95∶3∶2）的相变起始温度（T_i）分别为186 ℃、188 ℃、192 ℃、198 ℃。相比于HMX药柱,黏结剂中加入少量的NC（2%）,T_i可提升10 ℃。真空条件下,4种样品从高温δ相降温至100 ℃保温,只有HMX-Estane发生了δ→β逆相变且在3.5 h内δ相全部转变为β相,而其他样品均未发生相变,仍为δ相。β-HMX在HMX-Estane界面位置的溶解（升温过程）和析出（降温过程）可能是促进HMX-Estane发生β→δ相变,及其逆相变的主要因素。     

CoFe2O4/g-C3N4对HMX和TKX-50的催化分解特性

为了防止铁酸钴（CoFe₂O₄）纳米颗粒团聚,提高其对奥克托今（HMX）和哈托（TKX-50）的催化分解性能,采用类石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）作为CoFe₂O₄纳米颗粒的分散剂载体,通过溶剂热法原位生长制备了CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄二元纳米复合材料,并利用X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪以及差示扫描量热仪等研究了其组成、结构形貌及催化分解性能。结果表明,CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料形貌均匀密实,使HMX和TKX-50的热分解峰温分别降低了7.0 ℃和41.3 ℃,表观活化能分别降低了341.1 kJ·mol^-1和21.0 kJ·mol^-1,同时增大了其放热量。残渣分析结果发现HMX几乎完全被催化分解,而TKX-50催化分解不彻底,其残渣和CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄形成了微米级块状混合物。     

新型HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的制备及表征（英）

以含能聚合物(EP)为基底通过共沉淀法制备了奥克托今(HMX)/高氯酸铵(AP)/含能聚合物(EP)纳米复合物。用扫描电镜(SEM),能量色散X射线能谱(EDS)、比表面积(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET))测定、红外(IR)光谱法和差示扫描量热法(DSC)表征了它的结构及性能。结果表明,HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物具有三维纳米网状结构。HMX和AP均匀沉积在EP上面,其尺寸为50~200 nm。HMX、AP和EP紧密结合在一起,具有良好的相容性。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的分解温度远低于HMX的。当HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的氧平衡为零时,其分解热高达2570 J·g^-1。HMX/AP/EP纳米复合物的撞击特性落高H₅₀为50.49 cm,与HMX的撞击感度的特性落高(27 cm)相比,其机械感度较低。     

DAP-4/TKX-50混合物的热分解机理

为详细探究高氯酸铵基分子钙钛矿型含能材料（H₂dabco）（NH₄）（ClO₄）₃（DAP-4），/5，5"-联四唑-1，1"-二氧二羟铵（TKX-50）混合物的热分解特性（其中H₂dabco²⁺为1，4-二氮杂双环［2.2.2］辛烷-1，4-二鎓离子），采用差示扫描量热法-热重/质谱/傅里叶红外光谱联用技术对比分析了DAP-4、DAP-4/TKX-50混合物的热分解特性和气体产物，利用固体原位红外技术对DAP-4、DAP-4/TKX-50混合物凝聚相特征基团随温度的变化进行了研究，最后推测出了DAP-4/TKX-50混合物热分解机理。结果表明，DAP-4与TKX-50混合后，DAP-4对TKX-50的热分解影响较小，TKX-50热分解产生的热量使DAP-4可逆相变吸热峰消失，但几乎不影响其高温下的热分解；DAP-4/TKX-50混合物热质量损失分为2个阶段，第一阶段质量损失为43.4%，第二阶段质量损失为52.4%，分解残渣剩余4.2%；DAP-4热分解产生的气体产物主要有NH₃、H₂O、HNCO、HCN、CO、HCl和CO₂，DAP-4/TKX-50混合物热分解产生的气体产物主要有H₂O、NO、N₂O、HCl、NH₃、N₂、HNCO、HCN、CO和CO₂。DAP-4/TKX-50混合物的热分解机理为：TKX-50分子内发生氢离子可逆转移，生成羟胺和1，1′-二羟基-5，5′联四唑（BTO）；羟胺在高温下再继续分解为小分子气体，BTO分解产生的碎片部分聚合成偶联产物；最后，DAP-4离子键断裂，笼状骨架瞬间坍塌，强还原性和强氧化性气体组分在高温下发生剧烈氧化还原反应，并释放大量热。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.     

Research on Gear-broken Fault Diagnosis in a Tank Gearbox

A fault diagnosis method of working position gear in a tank gearbox is put forward based on simulating the fault of working position gear in an actual tank, extracting the envelope of vibration signal by Hilbert transformation amplitude demodulation method, and zooming the low-frequency band to envelope signal.