垃圾衍生燃料耦合燃煤流化床燃烧特性研究

在1 MW循环流化床试验台上,对垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)耦合燃煤进行了燃烧特性试验研究。结果表明:燃烧混合燃料1时SO_2排放质量浓度为234.06 mg/m~3,纯烧霍林河褐煤时SO_2排放质量浓度为273.81 mg/m~3,说明掺入RDF可以明显降低SO_2的排放质量浓度;燃烧混合燃料时NO_x排放质量浓度随着RDF掺烧质量分数的增加而升高,燃烧混合燃料3时NO_x排放质量浓度达到350 mg/m~3;燃烧混合燃料1时N_2O排放质量浓度随燃烧温度的升高而降低;燃烧混合燃料1和混合燃料2时二英排放浓度均低于国家排放标准。     

燃油中硫含量对颗粒物排放和气体排放的影响

着重阐述了燃油中硫含量与排放颗粒物直径和浓度的关系。通过在船用燃油(MDO)中混入二硫化物((CH3 )3CS-)2(DBDS)调整燃油中的硫含量,对柴油发动机排气进行测量和分析,对可溶性有机物质SOF(Sol-uble Organic Fraction)的浓度,非可溶性物质DS(Dray Soot)的浓度以及排放颗粒物PM的质量浓度以及颗粒物直径的分布进行了分析研究。试验结果表明:随着硫含量的增加,PM直径变小,但是质量浓度增加;SOF质量浓度和DS质量浓度增加,因此PM的质量浓度也增加;发动机的着火迟延期变短,最高燃烧压力降低,同时CO排放浓度增加,N O排放浓度降低。     

前后对冲旋流燃煤锅炉CO和NO_x分布规律的试验研究

针对某电厂600MW超临界机组前后对冲燃煤锅炉CO排放质量浓度较高且局部易出现峰值、沿炉膛宽度方向左右侧偏差明显、在不同O2体积分数下变化较大的现象,通过现场试验分析了O2体积分数和燃尽风风量对CO和NOx排放质量浓度的影响,提出了降低CO排放质量浓度的调整控制措施.结果表明:该电厂前后对冲旋流燃煤锅炉的CO排放质量浓度较高是由于配风不均而造成的;关小侧燃尽风二次风挡板开度及燃尽风二次风和三次风挡板开度,有利于降低CO排放质量浓度;综合考虑CO和NOx排放质量浓度的变化趋势,运行O2体积分数为3.0%时较为合适.     

煤灰对流化床氮氧化物排放影响的试验研究

在流化床试验台上分别燃烧典型烟煤和褐煤,测量加入煤灰和煤灰中无机矿物质（CaO、MgO、Fe2O3、Al2O3、CaSO4、MgSO4）前后N2O和NO排放质量浓度的变化,研究煤灰对流化床氮氧化物排放的影响及其主要活性成分.结果表明：煤灰能降低N2O排放质量浓度,提高NO排放质量浓度;燃料氮向NOx的总转化率随着灰分质量分数的增加而提高;煤灰中影响氮氧化物排放的主要活性成分为CaO、Fe2O3和MgO.     

低负荷烟气再循环对煤粉锅炉燃烧及NOx排放的影响

以某330 MW锅炉结构参数和低负荷运行参数为依据,针对低负荷下不同烟气循环率对炉膛内截面平均温度、O2体积分数、CO体积分数以及NOx排放质量浓度的影响进行模拟分析.结果表明:低负荷下采用一次风烟气再循环能有效降低锅炉NOx排放质量浓度;随着烟气循环率的提高,炉膛内截面平均温度逐渐降低,CO体积分数逐渐减小,NOx排放质量浓度降低;与无烟气再循环相比,烟气循环率为15％时NOx排放质量浓度降低67.88 mg/m3,NOx减排效率提高20.36％.     

600MW超临界对冲燃烧锅炉CO和NOx排放特性的研究

采用现场试验研究和数值模拟的方法对布置前后墙对冲燃烧器的某600Mw超临界锅炉CO和NO,的排放特性进行了研究．结果表明：锅炉尾部烟气中CO质量浓度为500～2500mg／m3,当主燃烧区过量空气系数a,为0．86～0．90时,高于该锅炉低NO。排放的设计过量空气系数（0．80）,对应的燃尽风占二次风的比例约为27％～32％,NOx排放质量浓度出现拐点;锅炉的NOx排放特性与HT—NR3燃烧器的低NOx设计有关,并与该锅炉的CO排放特性呈负相关关系;在负荷为600Mw和总风量一定的工况下,当燃尽风比例从32％提高至49％时,CO排放质量浓度显著下降,飞灰可燃物浓度降低,氧气量对CO和NOx排放的影响明显减弱,但NOx排放质量浓度升高,主燃烧区侧墙高温腐蚀的风险增大．     

石化污泥与煤流化床混烧SO_2的排放特性

在一座热输入量为0.2 MW的循环流化床试验台上进行了石化污泥与煤的混烧试验,重点考察了质量掺混比、空气过剩系数、二次风率、Ca/S摩尔比、床温等因素对SO2排放的影响.试验结果表明,随着质量掺混比或者空气过剩系数的增加,SO2的排放质量浓度均呈下降趋势;在空气过剩系数保持不变的条件下,随着二次风率的增加,SO2排放浓度上升;脱硫剂石灰石的添加能有效降低SO2的排放,且SO2的排放浓度随着Ca/S摩尔比的增大而显著下降;随着床层温度的升高,SO2的排放质量浓度呈先下降后土升趋势,存在一个最佳脱硫区.     

新型工业煤粉锅炉运行及排放特性试验研究

为了改善工业煤粉锅炉的NO_x排放特性并保证其燃烧效率,对某新型空气分级燃烧器进行了现场试验.通过改变煤种、过量空气系数及三次风开度,分析了锅炉NO_x及CO排放质量浓度的变化规律,同时采用反平衡法对锅炉的热效率进行了测算.试验结果表明,工业煤粉锅炉能达到较高的热效率;煤中氮含量及挥发分含量与NO_x的生成具有一定的相关性,氮含量越高,NO_x排放质量浓度越高,挥发分含量越低,NO_x排放质量浓度越高;过量空气系数和三次风开度不仅影响锅炉燃烧效率,而且对NO_x排放的影响也较为显著.研究发现,试验锅炉的排烟氧含量(质量分数)应控制在2.5%~2.6%之间较为合理,三次风开度为39%时NO_x排放质量浓度最低.     

600MW对冲燃烧锅炉NO_x排放特性的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对某台600 MW超临界对冲燃烧锅炉不同燃尽风(OFA)风量比例和燃烧器运行组合方式时的NOx排放特性进行了研究.结果表明:在600 MW额定负荷时,随着OFA风量比例的增大,飞灰含碳量近似呈线性增加,但NO排放质量浓度明显下降;当OFA风量比例从25%增大至35%时,飞灰含碳量增加了1.22%,NO排放质量浓度下降了293mg/m3,当OFA风量比例接近30%时,飞灰含碳量和NO排放质量浓度综合指标最佳;停运上层燃烧器(运行组合方式为ACDEF)时,飞灰含碳量和NO排放质量浓度相较于停运中层燃烧器(运行组合方式为ABCDE)和下层燃烧器(运行组合方式为BCDEF)时有所下降;与停运下层燃烧器相比,停运上层燃烧器时飞灰含碳量降低了0.46%,NO排放质量浓度降低了40mg/m3.     

基于图像光散射法的超低排放烟尘在线测量方法

针对超低排放烟尘在线实时监测问题,提出了基于图像传感器的在线实时测量烟尘质量浓度和粒度的新型光散射方法,并搭建实验装置对低质量浓度的烟尘颗粒进行测量。结果表明:低质量浓度下散射光强与烟尘质量浓度成正比;该方法能够满足超低排放烟尘浓度在线实时监测的要求,并能同时测量烟尘颗粒的平均粒径。     

柴油机微粒袋滤器的试验研究

本将袋滤技术用于柴油机生粒排放控制，根据柴油机的工作特点，研制了一结构较为紧凑的柴油机微粒袋滤器，在４８５Ａ柴油机台架上重点对柴油机的微粒质量排放特性，袋滤器的过滤效率、阻力及清灰效果进行了试验考察。结果证实，柴油机的质量排放浓度在高、低速工况下较高而在中等转速下较低，袋滤器的微粒捕集效率在不同工况下均高于９０％；袋滤器的清灰系统在整个试验期间能有效地工作而无故障。     

Particulate matter and gaseous emission rate from combustion of Thai lignite and agricultural residues in a fixed-bed combustor

This research has been conducted in order to obtain a database of emission rate of particulate matter and gases (CO, NO, and SO₂) from combustion of lignite and agricultural residues, such as rice husk. The experimental investigation was performed in a fixed-bed combustor. Thirteen stages–electrical low-pressure impactor was used to collect particles ranging in sizes from 40 nm to 10 μm. The results show that emission rate of total mass of particulate matter from combustion of rice husk is lower than that of lignite combustion but the total number of particles emitted is higher. This implies lower particle density from agricultural residue combustion. For co-firing lignite and rice husk, particulate matter emission is found to be higher than combustion of either lignite or rice husk and an increase in rice husk mass fraction in fuel mixture leads to an increase in particulate matter emission. From these quantitative data, it could be mentioned that the fuel characteristics influenced directly on particulate emission. For gaseous emission factors, CO and NO_x concentration decrease as SA/TA ratio increases. Meanwhile, SO₂ emission tends to increase. Both NO_x and SO₂ emissions are reduced as increased rice husk mass fraction in fuel mixture.     

The CFD Modeling of NOx Emission,HiTAC and Heat Transfer in an Industrial Boiler

NOx emission, heat transfer, and high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) in a boiler of Mobin Petrochemical Complex, Iran was numerically studied. The comparison between the measured values and the CFD predicted results showed good agreement, which implied that the adopted combustion and NOx formation models are suitable for correctly predicting characteristics of the heat recovery steam generation (HRSG) boiler. The predicted results show that NOx emission within the boiler depends highly on temperature, as well as oxygen concentration. Moreover, the influence of the equivalence ratio at a fixed air mass flow rate on the flame temperature and NOx formation has been investigated.     

基于MI-GA-LSTM的锅炉NOx排放快速预测模型

针对电站锅炉在实际运行过程中存在燃烧优化调整不及时以及烟气脱硝成本较高的问题，提出了基于MI-GA-LSTM的炉膛出口NO_x排放快速预测模型。根据燃煤锅炉实际运行数据，利用互信息(MI)进行特征相关性分析，将所得最优特征子集作为长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)的输入，并利用遗传算法(GA)对模型关键参数进行寻优，得到炉膛出口NO_x原始生成质量浓度预测的MI-GA-LSTM模型，并与LSTM、门控神经网络(GRU)、循环神经网络(RNN)在同一测试集上进行预测效果对比。结果表明：该模型在训练集和测试集上都能够对运行数据进行精准地预测，可以很好地完成多变量非线性拟合；该模型在测试集上的3项指标均优于其他模型，具有更高的预测精度和泛化能力；该模型可作为炉膛出口NO_x排放质量浓度传感器的补充，提前准确感知炉膛出口NO_x原始生成质量浓度的变化。     

Detection of aromatic hydrocarbons and incipient particles in an opposed-flow flame of ethylene by spectral and time-resolved laser induced emission spectroscopy

Spectral and time-resolved fluorescence and incandescence measurements are used to identify aromatic compounds and particles in an atmospheric-pressure opposed-flow flame of ethylene. The fourth harmonic radiation, at 266 nm, of a Nd–YAG laser is used to excite electronic transitions in aromatic intermediates resulting in different laser induced emission signals. Time-resolved analysis of the emission spectra is performed to obtain information about the structure of the compounds responsible for emission signals. Four fluorescence bands in the UV and visible range and a continuum with a maximum at larger wavelengths, attributed to incandescence radiation by solid particle, have been identified in the collected spectra. On the basis of fluorescence emission spectra and fluorescence lifetimes, two different types of high-molecular mass aromatic compounds are individuated in the flame: highly-packed, sandwich-like structures (cluster of PAHs held together by van der Waals forces) and more loose aromatic moieties linked together by σ-bonds, such as the aromatic–aliphatic linked hydrocarbons. The first class of particles has been found in the fuel zone and across the stagnation plane of the opposed-flow flame. In this region (<1500 K) coagulation of aromatics is the leading mechanism forming high-molecular mass structures. The second class of particles is preferentially formed in the region close to the oxidizer side characterized by high temperatures (>1500 K) and growth of aromatics enhanced by the high concentration of small radicals and gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.     

直喷式二冲程柴油机超细颗粒物排放特性的试验研究

研究了直喷式二冲程柴油机的超细颗粒物排放特性,考察了负荷、转速、喷油嘴孔径以及燃料对排气中超细颗粒物数量浓度以及质量浓度的影响。研究结果表明:在不同的工况下,超细颗粒物的数量浓度和质量浓度没有明显的相关性;随着负荷的增大,排气中超细颗粒物的质量浓度增大,而数量浓度不一定增大;在低负荷时,排气中颗粒物数量浓度在450r/min时明显高于750 r/min,高负荷时则相反;在选择喷油嘴时,喷孔小的超细颗粒物排放水平不一定好;柴油中加入一定量的DMC,则排气中颗粒物数量浓度在低负荷时明显高于柴油,高负荷时低于柴油;而质量浓度明显低于柴油。     

Simulation of combustion in spark-ignition engine fuelled with natural gas-hydrogen blends combined with EGR

A numerical simulation of the influence of different hydrogen fractions, excess air ratios and EGR mass fractions in a spark-ignition engine was conducted. Good agreement between the calculated and measured incylinder pressure traces as well as pollutant formation trends was obtained. The simulation results show that NO concentration has an exponential relationship with temperature and increases sharply as hydrogen is added. EGR introduction strongly influences the gas temperature and NO concentration in the cylinder. The difference in temperature will lead to even greater difference in NO concentration. Thus, EGR can effectively decrease NO concentration. NO concentration reaches its peak value at the excess air ratio of 1.1 regardless of EGR mass fraction. The study shows that natural gas-hydrogen blend combined with EGR can realize a stable combustion and low NO emission in a spark-ignition engine.     

煤基混合燃料对柴油机燃烧与排放特性影响的研究

在一台高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上研究了煤基混合燃料(33%煤炭提取配方,67%-35#柴油)的燃烧与排放特性。结果表明:相比于燃用-35#柴油,燃用煤基混合燃料时柴油机的燃烧滞燃期基本不变,放热率峰值增大,低转速全负荷时最大缸内燃烧压力降低,而在高转速时变化不大;燃用煤基混合燃料时PM_(2.5)排放物质量浓度降低,全负荷工况下PM_(2.5)排放物质量浓度平均降低约15.2%,部分负荷工况下,低负荷时的改善效果最为明显,平均降低约56.3%;燃用煤基混合燃料时NO_x排放物体积分数略有增大。     

旋流器流量分配对燃气轮机燃烧性能的影响研究

目前锅炉燃烧控制主要依靠人工手动调整，为解决运行经验差异导致锅炉燃烧性能差异的问题，提出了一种基于动态标杆值的电站锅炉燃烧控制优化方法。在建立燃烧模型的基础上，以归一化经济与环保指标得到综合效益因子作为寻优判据，对历史工况进行数据挖掘，实现全工况下基于动态标杆值的运行参数自主寻优和更新，使锅炉燃烧、污染物排放相互协调。该方法已于某燃煤电站成功实践，结果表明：在应用案例中，寻优推送后综合效益因子提高了4.34%，使得锅炉热效率和NOx排放质量浓度相互协调更优。