发酵技术在膳食纤维改性中的应用

膳食纤维(Dietary fiber,DF)被称作"第七营养素",拥有良好的生理功能及活性,其中,可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)生理和生物活性优于不可溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF).然而,植物DF中SDF的含量较低,限制了DF功能性产品的开发...     

麦麸膳食纤维加工和利用研究进展

麦麸是膳食纤维的重要来源,主要以不溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)为主,可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量较少。麦麸膳食纤维不仅有良好的生理功能特性,而且加工特性良好。由于SDF的功能特性优于IDF,实际生产中,一般会通过特殊的改性手段或酶解方法来提高SDF的含量。主要综述了近年来麦麸膳食纤维的提取加工方式,及其在食品应用中所展现的加工特性如凝胶性、黏稠性、水合特性、持油性以及抗氧化和清除自由基的特性。     

成熟度对甘蓝膳食纤维单糖组成及抗氧化活性的影响

研究成熟度(成熟度A~D分别为最早成熟期采摘样品及每隔5 d采摘的样品)对甘蓝膳食纤维含量、单糖组成及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,随着甘蓝的成熟,可溶性膳食纤维(soluble dietary fiber,SDF)含量逐渐降低,非水溶性膳食纤维(insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)和总膳食纤维(total dietary fiber,TDF)含量则先增加后降低。不同成熟度甘蓝膳食纤维单糖组成均为葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖,但各单糖的相对含量对成熟度差异显著。随着成熟度增加,组成甘蓝SDF的单糖中,葡萄糖醛酸含量持续降低;葡萄糖与半乳糖含量显著增加;半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖含量变化呈抛物线,且在成熟度B时达到最高。随着甘蓝的成熟,甘蓝IDF的葡萄糖醛酸和半乳糖醛酸含量显著增加;葡萄糖和半乳糖含量在前期无变化,从成熟度D开始显著降低;阿拉伯糖含量变化呈抛物线,并在成熟度D达到最高;而鼠李糖含量始终保持恒定。随着甘蓝的成熟,其SDF与IDF的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和三价铁还原抗氧化能力增强,而2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)自由基清除能力在成熟度C达到最强。     

发酵法生产可溶性膳食纤维乳饮料的工艺研究

进行玉米皮膳食纤维乳饮料的研制,采用微生物发酵法使玉米皮中不可溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF)转化为可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF),通过二级发酵工艺的单因素试验确定工艺参数,结果为菌种接种量4.40%,二级发酵温度为50.95℃,二级发酵时间为46.50 min。改良后的玉米皮粉末与发酵乳混合,再通过均质与二次杀菌处理进一步转化IDF为SDF。结果表明:26.5 MPa/65℃为适宜均质条件,80℃~90℃为合适的二次杀菌温度。在上述工艺条件下,膳食纤维乳饮料的SDF含量达到4.45%,较改良前的1.79%SDF含量有了大幅度提高。     

青稞膳食纤维和多酚对肠道微生物的协同调节作用

以青稞面粉(hulless barley flour,HBF)、不可溶膳食纤维-多酚复合物(insoluble dietary fiber-phenolic compounds,IDF-PC)和可溶性膳食纤维-多酚复合物(soluble dietary fiber-phenolic compounds,SDF-PC)为材料,以阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)为对照,采用酶解法制备IDF-PC和SDF-PC,Folin-Ciocalteu法测定多酚含量,利用体外结肠发酵,结合16S rRNA高通量测序,根据微生物的丰度和多样性分析青稞膳食纤维和多酚对肠道微生物协同调节作用,并利用高效液相色谱法进行短链脂肪酸分析。结果表明,HBF、IDF-PC和SDF-PC中含有丰富的膳食纤维和多酚。经体外结肠发酵后,3种样品能够提高肠道微生物的丰度和多样性,明显促进乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、艾克曼菌属(Akkermansia)、瘤胃菌科UCG-005(Ruminococcaceae-UCG-005)和瘤胃菌科NK4A214-(Ruminococcaceae-NK4A214-group)的生长,调节作用优于FA。HBF、IDF-PC和SDF-PC经体外结肠发酵后,能够产生较多的短链脂肪酸,乙酸含量最高,分别为(0.29±0.21)、(0.15±0.05)和(0.14±0.10)mg/mL,说明青稞膳食纤维和多酚对肠道微生物有较好的协同调节作用,可为青稞促进机体健康和预防疾病提供科学依据。     

大豆种皮膳食纤维的生物发酵与酶解法制备及其体外降脂的研究

为探究不同提取方法对大豆种皮膳食纤维(Dietary fiber, DF)的理化性质的影响,对比分析了发酵法和复合酶法提取的大豆种皮膳食纤维的理化性质及其体外降血脂功能。米曲霉发酵大豆种皮的可溶性膳食纤维的(Soluble dietary fiber, SDF)提取率为9.18%,不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber, IDF)的提取率为86.31%;复合酶法的SDF的提取率为12.24%, IDF的提取率为72.18%。两种方法制备的SDF的持水性、溶胀性、持油性均高于IDF;当DF膳食纤维的添加量为1 g时,发酵法制备的SDF对胆酸盐的结合率达到最大70.28%;在0～90 min时,各组分的胆固醇吸附量均随吸附时间的延长呈上升趋势,且发酵法SDF的吸附能力最好;DF在pH=7时的胆固醇结合率高于pH=2时的结合率,两种方法制备的DF整体效果均为SDFIDF。     

红松松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质

以红松松仁膜衣为原料,制备可溶性膳食纤维(Soluble dietary fiber,SDF)和不溶性膳食纤维(Insoluble dietary fiber,IDF),对IDF进行木聚糖酶改性,制备改性可溶性膳食纤维(Modified soluble dietary,MSDF)和改性不溶性膳食纤维(Modified insoluble dietary fiber,MIDF),测定葡萄糖、胆固醇、胆酸钠吸附能力及葡萄糖透析延迟指数。结果表明:MSDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较SDF显著提高,且MIDF的葡萄糖吸附能力较IDF极显著提高;模拟胃环境,改性后的膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力均有提高,且MSDF显著高于SDF;MIDF胆酸钠的吸附能力极显著高于IDF,可达60.73mg/g,是IDF的2.98倍;MIDF的葡萄糖透析延迟指数高于IDF,且120 min时趋于稳定,可达21.69%,较IDF显著提高了7.24%。因此,木聚糖酶可提高松仁膜衣膳食纤维的功能性质,且木聚糖酶改性是一种适合松仁膜衣膳食纤维改性的优良方法。     

动态高压微射流对刺梨果渣膳食纤维及其抑制淀粉消化和葡萄糖扩散的影响

本实验以刺梨果渣为原料,采用酶法制备可溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）、不可溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）和全膳食纤维（total dietary fiber,TDF）,并采用动态高压微射流（dynamic high pressure microfluidization,DHPM）对刺梨果渣SDF进行改性处理,初步探索了刺梨果渣膳食纤维及DHPM处理SDF（DHPM-SDF）的理化特性及其对淀粉酶活力和葡萄糖扩散的影响。结果表明,IDF和SDF都能通过吸附葡萄糖、抑制葡萄糖扩散以及改变胰淀粉酶二级结构来减缓葡萄糖的流动进程和淀粉消化速率,其中,IDF对葡萄糖的吸附能力和抑制葡萄糖扩散能力分别是SDF的1.28 倍和1.99 倍,而SDF的胰淀粉酶活力抑制率是IDF的1.73 倍,并且,SDF对胰淀粉酶活力的抑制作用主要通过改变胰淀粉酶的α-螺旋和无规卷曲结构。TDF表现出与IDF相似的葡萄糖吸附能力和抑制淀粉酶活力的能力。与SDF相比,DHPM-SDF平均粒径增加了2.08 倍,使得其葡萄糖吸附能力和抑制葡萄糖扩散能力分别提高了28.13%和62.09%,并且DHPM-SDF能显著减少胰淀粉酶的α-螺旋和无规卷曲结构相对含量（P＜0.05）,其对淀粉酶活力的抑制能力是SDF的1.44 倍。因此,刺梨果渣膳食纤维,尤其是SDF可作为降血糖产品开发的潜在优良资源,并且DHPM是提高刺梨果渣可溶性膳食纤维降血糖活性的有效改性处理手段。     

长黑青稞中不同形态多酚的提取及体外抗氧化活性

本实验以长黑青稞为材料,提取分离总可溶性、游离、酯化、醚化和不可溶键合多酚,测定其多酚含量、黄酮含量和体外抗氧化活性,并采用高效液相色谱法分析酚类化合物组成与含量。结果表明,长黑青稞总可溶性、游离、酯化、醚化和不可溶键合多酚含量范围为(1.97±0.06)～(16.97±0.25)μmol/g,黄酮含量范围为(0.14±0.04)～(1.08±0.11)μmol/g;总可溶性多酚和黄酮含量均显著高于其他4种多酚(P0.05),不可溶键合多酚含量均显著高于游离、酯化和醚化多酚(P0.05);总可溶性多酚的铁离子还原能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力和总抗氧化能力最高,不可溶键合多酚系列抗氧化能力显著高于游离、酯化和醚化多酚,在过氧化氢清除能力中,不可溶键合多酚显著高于其他4种多酚(P0.05);长黑青稞中多酚含量与体外抗氧化能力间呈显著正相关(R~2=0.880～0.998);长黑青稞多酚中含有18种酚类化合物,包括羟基苯甲酸、羟基肉桂酸和类黄酮3类,主要酚类化合物为原儿茶酸、阿魏酸和儿茶素。说明长黑青稞中含有丰富的酚类化合物,可作为一种具有潜在抗氧化价值的功能性食品原料。     

苦荞中可溶性及不可溶性膳食纤维调控糖尿病小鼠糖脂代谢的功效

本研究采用苦荞麸皮粉中提取的膳食纤维对高脂/链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠进行干预,比较苦荞麸皮粉中的可溶性膳食纤维（soluble dietary fiber,SDF）和不可溶性膳食纤维（insoluble dietary fiber,IDF）的含量及作用差异,解析苦荞中SDF及IDF对调控糖尿病小鼠血糖及血脂代谢作用的贡献。结果：苦荞麸皮中IDF的质量分数（（19.52±0.21）%）约为SDF（（4.02±0.19）%）的5 倍;相同干预剂量下SDF比IDF能更有效地发挥降血糖作用,但当IDF干预剂量达到SDF的5 倍时,IDF降低血清中的总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平的效果更显著（P＜0.05）,并且能够和SDF一样有效促进胰岛素分泌并改善糖耐量、降低肝脏中总胆固醇水平、促进短链脂肪酸的产生。结论：苦荞SDF和IDF均具有改善糖耐量、降低血清及肝脏中脂肪积累的功效,且都与盲肠中短链脂肪酸含量的增加密切相关;研究揭示了苦荞SDF及IDF在量效关系上的差异,为充分理解谷物中不同膳食纤维的糖脂调控功效提供了科学证据。     

Chemical profile, functional and antioxidant properties of tomato peel fiber

Tomato processing residue is defined as a secondary raw material that can increase its value, being considered a potential source of dietary fiber and bioactive compounds. Commercial tomato peel fiber has been analyzed to ascertain the proximate and nutritional composition (moisture, fat, protein, dietary fiber, ash, and minerals), the fractions (insoluble, IDF, and soluble, and SDF) and sugar composition of dietary fiber, functional properties (water retention capacity, WRC, swelling capacity, SWC, fat absorption capacity, FAC, glucose diffusion retardation index, GDRI, and osmotic pressure), total antioxidant activity (AA), and the content of antioxidant bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and lycopene). To extract phenolic compounds and dietary fiber, three methods were assayed in this study: enzyme hydrolysis, maceration, and ultrasonic assistance. The content of TDF was 84.16%, and the major fraction was the IDF (71.82%), formed mainly by hemicelluloses. Tomato peel fiber retained 6.76 g of water/g as WRC, and it was significantly correlated with the IDF content. In addition, the content of IDF determined the low FAC and SWC and the GDRI at 60 min (39.22%). The main phenolic compound was rutin, followed by naringenin, rutin derivatives, and chlorogenic acid derivatives. These were better extracted using ultrasonic assistance, whereas lycopene showed mean values between 3 and 4 mg/100 g. The AA of tomato peel fiber was low, since the phenolic compounds are mainly bound to the cell wall of plant, showing a low capacity for scavenging radicals. Due to its chemical profile and functional properties, tomato peel fiber can be used as a food supplement, improving the different physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of foods. However the color and flavor of this product must be considered in its applications to avoid a negative effect on the sensory characteristic of the foods to which it is added.     

Dietary fiber profile of barley flour as affected by extrusion cooking

Barley grains, Phoenix and CDC-Candle, were extruded in a twin-screw extruder at 90−140 °C and 20–50% moisture level. Effects of extrusion conditions on total (TDF), soluble (SDF), and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) were determined. The content of SDF and TDF increased upon extrusion cooking of both types of barley flours. The changes in IDF content were found to be variety-dependent. Only a minor decrease in IDF content of CDC-Candle barley was found, but an increase in IDF content of Phoenix was observed at all extrusion temperatures. The increase in SDF, in both barleys, could be due to the transformation of some IDF into SDF during extrusion and the formation of additional SDF by transglycosidation. The increase in IDF in Phoenix flour could be due to the formation of retrograded amylose [resistant starch (RS3)] during extrusion cooking and subsequent cooling.     

发芽对2种青稞营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响

以隆子黑青稞和藏青2000为原料,通过测定芽长、淀粉、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活力,探讨萌发对2种青稞营养成分及抗氧化活性的影响.结果 表明:未发芽青稞中,除淀粉含量外,隆子黑青稞的蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性均大于藏青2000.发茅处理降低了青稞的淀粉、蛋白质、总酚含量和铁离子还原...     

Roasting Effects on Dietary Fiber Composition of Cocoa Beans

The effect of roasting on dietary fiber fractions of cocoa beans was determined by gravimetric and fractionation procedures after enzymatic treatment. Roasting had no notable effect on total dietary fiber content (TDF). Components of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) became redistributed after roasting. One of the largest changes was a sharp increase of Klason lignin. The noted decrease in sugar content without a change in IDF suggested that neutral sugars and uronic acids may be involved in Maillard polymer formation. Soluble dietary fiber (SDF) did not show large variations. Undigestible protein in IDF increased after roasting.     

大麦在发芽过程中营养物质的变化及其营养评价

通过测定发芽大麦中的蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉、氨基酸、还原糖、β-葡聚糖、总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维、不溶性膳食纤维、VB1和VB2的含量,研究发芽时间对大麦营养价值的影响。结果表明：发芽过程中,总干物质有一部分降解,蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪均呈下降趋势;但可溶性低分子糖类、含氮物质和维生素含量有很大提高,其中还原糖含量上升2.78%～14.36%,总氨基酸含量增加了8.15%,且7种必需氨基酸含量均逐渐增加,赖氨酸增幅最大（32%）。与未发芽大麦相比,VB2含量增长了17.8倍;VB1含量变化不大;β-葡聚糖呈下降趋势;可溶性膳食纤维增加。发芽过程中,必需氨基酸/总氨基酸值和必需氨基酸指数增加,必需氨基酸组成模式更加符合联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织联合食品标准计划,第一限制氨基酸由原来的赖氨酸转变为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。结论：发芽在一定程度上提高了大麦的营养价值,但对其在利用β-葡聚糖相关功能特性方面有一定的限制。     

提取溶剂对青稞提取物总酚、黄酮含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

以3种不同的青稞为原料,采用不同的提取溶剂(水、60%乙醇、60%甲醇、60%丙酮、95%乙醇、100%甲醇、100%丙酮)对青稞进行提取。对各提取物的总酚、总黄酮进行测定,同时采用3种抗氧化方法:二苯代苦味酰自由基(DPPH)、2,2’-联氨-双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二胺盐自由基(ABTS)和总抗氧化能力(FARP)评价青稞提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,95%乙醇和60%丙酮更有利于青稞多酚的提取。藏青2000的各溶剂提取物的总酚、总黄酮及抗氧化活性普遍高于相应溶剂的循化蓝青稞和香格里拉绿青稞。藏青2000的60%丙酮提取物含有最高的总酚含量,达到211.92mg GAE/100g DW;在60%乙醇提取时具有最高的总黄酮含量,达到60.11mg RT/100g DW;在60%乙醇提取时具有最强的DPPH清除能力,达到80.08%;而用60%丙酮提取时,具有最强的ABTS清除能力和总抗氧化能力,分别达到了1.85,9.28 mmol TEAC/100g DW。总酚含量与抗氧化活性均具有显著的相关性,FRAP法与DPPH、ABTS法具有极显著的相关性。综上表明,青稞富含总酚成分,是一种潜在的天然抗氧化剂资源。     

布拉迪酵母发酵对麦麸活性成分的影响

以小麦麸皮为原材料,通过布拉迪酵母发酵处理小麦麸皮降低植酸含量,提高可溶性戊聚糖(WEAX)和总酚含量以改善小麦麸皮的营养价值。研究固态发酵过程中小麦麸皮的基本组分与活性成分的变化,结果表明,经过发酵处理小麦麸皮的总膳食纤维(TDF)与不可溶性膳食纤维(IDF)含量显著提高,可溶性膳食纤维(SDF)含量提高但不显著;WEAX和总酚含量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最大分别增加了12.95倍、1.45倍;植酸含量显著降低,最大降解率为74.67%。