发酵玉米醪中细菌数量变化及抑菌作用研究

研究了15、20、25、30和35℃温度下自然发酵的玉米醪中乳酸菌与菌落总教的变化以及发酵玉米醪的抑菌作用.结果表明,不同发酵温度下乳酸菌总数初始范围5.70 lg～7.76lg,各温度间乳酸菌总数存在显著性差异(P＜0.05),最大值范围8.93 lg～9.33 lg;菌落总数初始范围5.70 lg～7.74lg,最大值范围8.77 lg～9.18 lg,乳酸菌总数及菌落总数之间均存在极显著正相关关系(P=0.000),表明发酵玉米醪中乳酸菌为优势菌.发酵玉米醪对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus sp.)和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli sp.)没有抑制作用,而发酵48 h的玉米醪上清液对两种菌均产生抑制作用,且发酵72 h的玉米醪上清液的抑菌作用比48 h时显著提高(P＜0.05).相同发酵阶段的玉米醪上清波对两种待测菌的抑制作用没有显著性差异(P＞0.05).     

四川泡菜强化发酵工艺初探

在传统泡菜生产工艺基础上,以白萝卜为原料,通过添加不同浓度的功能乳酸菌和产香酵母菌,探究其对泡菜发酵过程中乳酸总酯的影响,以总酸含量、总酯含量、感官评价为评价指标,优化最适功能乳酸菌、产香酵母菌接种条件下泡菜的发酵时间、发酵温度。单菌株发酵泡菜结果表明,30℃发酵7d后,泡菜中总酸、总酯含量最佳的功能乳酸菌、酵母菌接种量均为5%(V/m);5%的混菌接种发酵泡菜的最佳发酵时间为7d,最佳发酵温度为28℃,泡菜中总酸、总酯含量最佳,分别为0.56,1.76g/100g,泡菜的酸度适中、风味较好。     

发酵工艺对杂粮红枣发酵饼干品质的影响

以燕麦、荞麦、玉米、小米、红枣颗粒为原料,以乳酸菌和酵母菌为发酵剂,制作了杂粮红枣发酵饼干,研究了发酵工艺对饼干品质的影响。通过pH、感官评分和质构指标,分别确立了乳酸菌前发酵阶段最佳发酵工艺为:发酵时间12 h,发酵温度35℃,乳酸菌添加量1.2%;混合发酵阶段最佳发酵工艺为:酵母菌添加量2.5%、混合发酵温度32℃、混合发酵时间2.5 h、酸面团添加量25%、红枣颗粒添加量25%。在此发酵工艺下制得的饼干口感细腻、酸甜适口、质地松软、发酵风味突出、枣香味浓郁,具有良好的感官品质。     

固态发酵豆粕的研究

利用米曲霉、酵母菌、乳酸菌混合菌固态发酵豆粕。研究了发酵时间、接种菌配比、接种量及发酵温度等对发酵豆粕的影响,得到了最佳工艺条件为豆粕∶水=1∶1,起始pH值自然,米曲霉∶酵母菌=2∶1,接种量4g/100g,好氧发酵温度30℃,发酵周期36h,乳酸菌培养液6mL/100g,厌氧发酵温度35℃,发酵周期72h。并对该条件下发酵后的豆粕营养成分及抗营养因子进行了分析。     

乳酸菌和酵母菌共酵改善食醋品质的研究

以黄河大米为原料进行乳酸菌和酵母菌的共生发酵,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验探讨了乳酸菌、酵母菌的接种量、发酵时间及发酵温度对食醋的酒精度和乳酸含量的影响,并对其发酵工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明,当酵母菌接种量为1.0‰、乳酸菌接种量为5%、发酵温度为30 ℃、发酵时间为72 h时,发酵所得的酒醪中酒精度为7.8%vol,乳酸含量为0.54 g/100 mL。用该酒醪经液态深层法酿造的食醋中不挥发酸和酯类含量较优化前分别提高了10.25倍和1.62倍,并最终改善液醋的感官品质。     

龙葵果汁发酵工艺优化及其抗炎、抑菌活性评价

本文以龙葵果为原料,对益生菌发酵龙葵果汁进行工艺优化,选取初始糖度、初始pH、乳酸菌的发酵温度、接种量、发酵时间、酵母菌的发酵温度、发酵时间和接种量8个因素进行Plackett-Burman试验,确定影响总酚含量的关键因素为乳酸菌发酵温度和酵母菌接种量;用中心组合设计对发酵条件进行优化,得出发酵的最佳条件为初始糖度12%、初始pH 4.5、乳酸菌接种量5%、乳酸菌发酵温度39.5 ℃、乳酸菌发酵时间24 h、酵母菌接种量0.07%、酵母菌发酵温度25 ℃、酵母菌发酵时间20 h,优化后发酵龙葵果汁的总酚含量达到1.18±0.02 mg/mL,与优化前相比提高了21.6%。发酵龙葵果汁的抗炎及抑菌活性与发酵前相比均有显著提高,发酵龙葵果汁的透明质酸酶活性抑制率达到82.98±4.16%,抑制白蛋白变性能力达到81.57±1.24%。对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制效果好于对埃希氏大肠杆菌的抑制效果。     

酵母菌发酵降低山楂汁有机酸含量的研究

山楂汁用酵母菌在溶氧25％～35％、20℃条件下进行84h发酵,采用高效液相色谱法和酸碱滴定法测定样品中的有机酸含量。结果表明,山楂汁中总酸为17.10g/L,其中柠檬酸含量为14.07g/L,苹果酸含量为1.24g/L。山楂汁发酵后总酸下降到3.52g/L,其中柠檬酸全部降解,苹果酸降解了86.6％,其它有机酸含量变化不大。柠檬酸降解速度在发酵的72h内与时间呈线性关系,苹果酸降解则发生在48～72h     

蓝莓果渣酵素发酵工艺优化

以蓝莓果渣为主要原料,优化最佳发酵工艺条件,提高酵素产品质量。选取工艺参数为酵母菌和干酪乳酸菌的最佳接种量、发酵温度、初始pH值、发酵时间,分析其对酵母菌的蛋白酶活力和浓度及对干酪乳酸菌浓度的影响。按照单因素试验和正交试验法设计上述工艺参数的优化试验。确定最佳酵母菌发酵工艺条件为：发酵液初始pH 3.5、发酵温度30 ℃、接种量0.15%、发酵时间16 h。酵母菌发酵16 h后在37 ℃条件下,发酵液pH 4.0,干酪乳杆菌接种量0.50%,静置发酵24 h,温度保持在18～20 ℃左右,静置进行24 h的后发酵,使发酵液产香,品质优良,将浓缩后的发酵液通过真空冷冻干燥,制成蓝莓果渣酵素粉状产品。     

酒精浓醪发酵生产工艺的优化

以玉米粉为原料，AY-15为发酵菌种，在浓醪发酵条件下，对氮源添加、糖化工艺和发酵条件进行了研究。结果表明，在酒精发酵过程中添加适量氮源，可明显提高酵母细胞的数量和发酵能力，缩短发酵周期12h；优化的糖化工艺为糖化酶用量150u/g原料，糖化时间60min；最适的发酵条件为初始pH值5．0，发酵温度33℃。     

直投式功能菌剂发酵四川泡菜在冷藏条件下各指标变化研究

对冷藏条件下(0~5℃)四川泡菜发酵过程中产品pH、总酸、乳酸菌、酵母菌变化情况进行了研究,结果表明:冷藏条件下,采用直投式功能菌剂发酵四川泡菜较未接种乳酸菌发酵泡菜提前3天进入成熟期,作为佐餐类四川泡菜最佳食用期为第15~35天,乳酸菌含量维持108 cfu/g以上时间长达30天,较未接种乳酸菌泡菜的15天延长1倍,更具有营养价值。     

酸笋中高产乳酸乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为获得酸笋中高产乳酸乳酸菌,以柳州传统发酵酸笋为原料,利用MRS培养基对乳酸菌进行分离纯化,然后通过溶钙圈法和高效液相色谱（HPLC）法对高产乳酸乳酸菌进行筛选,并采用形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定,最后优化该菌种产乳酸的发酵条件。结果表明,分离并筛选得到一株高产乳酸的乳酸菌菌株LB-1-23,并鉴定其为植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,该菌株发酵产乳酸的最适条件为接种量2.6%,pH值5.5,发酵温度32 ℃,发酵时间30 h,葡萄糖为碳源,细菌学蛋白胨为氮源。在此优化条件下,乳酸产量为12.74 g/L。该研究为酸笋来源乳酸菌发酵产生乳酸的应用奠定了理论基础。     

低温长杆白菜泡菜中乳酸菌的分离鉴定与应用

以冬季自然发酵长杆白菜泡菜卤水为分离源,分离得到革兰氏阳性菌7株,经过0~10℃低温筛选、耐酸性和抑菌能力复筛,得到3株耐低温且适合泡菜发酵的优良乳酸菌并进行应用。结果表明:通过低温分离及性能评价的逐步筛选,获得3株细菌均能在0~10℃下增殖、可耐受pH2.5高酸且抑菌能力与0.9~3.5 mg/L氯霉素相当,RPC21在0~10℃的增殖能力最强;RHJ68的耐高酸能力最强,OD₆₀₀可达0.0262;抑菌能力最强的为RPC21,相当于3.5 g/L氯霉素,其次是RCQ4,相当于2.6 g/L氯霉素;3株菌均在3 h进入对数生长期,培养48 h的总酸可达18.78~20.30 g/L;经16S rDNA鉴定分别为植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum（RPC21）、鼠李糖乳杆菌Lactobacillus rhamnosus（RCQ4）、戊糖片球菌Pediococcus pentosaceus（RLJ68）;以自然发酵和市售菌粉发酵为对照,3株乳酸菌组合应用于泡菜发酵中,风味最优且产酸迅速、总酸最高,达12.51 g/L。本文分离筛选的3株乳酸菌及其组合具有应用于低温泡菜发酵的良好前景。     

自然发酵优势菌对小米淀粉物化性质的影响

小米自然发酵过程难控制,研究自然发酵液分离并鉴定出的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)对发酵小米淀粉物化性质的影响,可更好地剖析小米自然发酵的机理,为掌握并控制自然发酵提供理论依据。采用质量浓度为0.2 g/100 mL的NaOH溶液提取发酵后小米淀粉,并测定自然发酵、乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉溶解度、膨润度、透明度、热特性、黏度特性。结果表明,随发酵时间的延长,3种发酵方式所得小米淀粉的溶解度、膨润度和透明度均降低,且乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵小米淀粉的透明度较自然发酵下降1.4%和1.0%;乳酸菌和酵母菌发酵96 h时糊化温度较自然发酵下降1.84℃和1.13℃,峰值温度较自然发酵下降1.04℃和0.43℃;终止温度降低3.69℃和2.85℃;热焓值较自然发酵相比上升1.00 J/g和0.78 J/g;而乳酸菌和酵母菌的衰减值、回生值较自然发酵分别下降978 mPa·s和400 mPa·s、743 mPa·s和471 mPa·s,峰值黏度较自然发酵相比上升185 mPa·s和103 mPa·s。自然发酵的优势菌(乳酸菌、酵母菌)使小米淀粉发生改性,且发酵后的物化性质较自然发酵发生显著变化。     

小麦胚芽乳酸发酵饮料的工艺研究

为了得到小麦胚芽乳酸发酵饮料制备的最佳工艺,首先通过单因素试验考察接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间、培养基初始pH值等对乳酸饮料风味的影响,然后在最优范围内对这4个主要影响因素采用正交试验设计优化工艺条件。结果表明,最佳条件为接种量8%,温度45 ℃,发酵时间18 h,初始pH值为6.5,此条件下产品酸度为80～85 °T,总糖为5.3 g/100 mL,pH值为4.43,感官评分为88.5分。     

乳酸菌发酵黄瓜泡菜品质的研究

利用直投式乳酸菌粉发酵制备黄瓜泡菜。研究不同菌粉添加量下黄瓜泡菜发酵过程中的pH值、亚硝酸盐含量、盐度、酸度、色泽、菌落总数的动态变化,并应用模糊综合评判法筛选较优发酵工艺条件。结果表明:随着发酵时间的延长,黄瓜泡菜液中pH值逐渐降低,酸度逐渐增加;黄瓜中盐度先增加后稳定,色泽逐渐变浅,亚硝酸盐含量先增加后下降并趋于稳定,且其最高峰值远低于GB 2714—2003规定的亚硝酸盐小于20mg/kg的要求。感官分析表明:添加0.4%的乳酸菌粉发酵24h条件下制作的黄瓜泡菜感观分值最高。直投式乳酸菌发酵可有效地缩短黄瓜泡菜发酵时间,可广泛应用于方便型泡菜的生产。     

The microflora of fermented nixtamalized corn

Nixtamalization is a traditional process that improves the nutritional quality of corn. To provide a means of utilizing the nutritional benefits of nixtamalized corn and improve product acceptability, lactic acid fermentation was applied. The objective of the study was to study the microbial profile and establish the important lactobacilli of fermenting nixtamalized corn dough. Two batches of cleaned whole corn were subjected to the process of nixtamalization, using two concentrations of lime (0.5 or 1.0%), milled, made into a dough (50% moisture) and fermented spontaneously for 72 h. A control sample was prepared without alkaline treatment. pH and titratable acidity of the dough were measured. Aerobic mesophiles, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts and molds were enumerated on Plate Count Agar (PCA), deMan, Rogossa and Sharpe (MRS) Agar and Malt Extract Agar (MEA), respectively. The identity of lactobacilli present was established at the species level using API 50 CHL. The pH of all the fermenting systems decreased with fermentation time with concomitant increase in titratable acidity. Lactic acid bacteria in numbers of 1.6 x 10(9), 2.3 x 10(9) and 1.8 x 10(9) cfu/g, respectively yeasts and molds, and numbers of 8.0 x 10(7), 5.0 x 10(5) and 1.7 x 10(5) cfu/g, respectively were observed in the control and the two nixtamalized (0.5% and 1.0% lime) samples after 48 h of fermentation. Lactobacilli identified in the fermenting nixtamalized corn dough were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus cellobiosus as well as Pediococcus spp. The study demonstrates that nixtamalized corn though alkaline in nature can be subjected to spontaneous fermentation to produce a sour product.     

Microbiological and physicochemical changes of naturally black olives fermented at different temperatures and NaCl levels in the brines

The effect of different temperatures (25°C, 18°C and ambient temperature) and NaCl levels in brines (4%, 6% and 8%) on the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of naturally black olives of Conservolea variety was studied for up to 190 days. Fermentation was carried out according to the traditional anaerobic method. The initial microflora consisted of Gram-negative bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria was evident in all fermentations. The prevailing micro-organisms were lactic acid bacteria and yeasts, the association of which was dependent on the conditions of fermentation. At 25°C and 18°C in brines containing 4% and 6% NaCl, the growth of lactic acid bacteria was favoured resulting in a lactic acid fermentation, as indicated by the high free acidity levels and low pH values in the brines. On the contrary, 8% NaCl concentration affected the growth of lactic acid bacteria and enhanced the activity of fermentative yeasts, producing a final product with lower free acidity and higher pH value. At ambient temperature, the counts of lactic acid bacteria followed the fluctuation of temperature regardless of salt concentration, while yeasts did not seem to be affected. The lactic acid bacteria identified belonged to the species Lactobacillus mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus. The best conditions for fermentation were at 25°C and 6% NaCl, developing free acidity of 142 mM (1·28% w/v) lactic acid and pH value of 3·8. After 5 months of brining, olives fermented at 25°C were judged by panelists as being debittered and ready to eat. No off-odour development was detected in any case due to anomalous fermentation. The HPLC analysis revealed that citric, malic, tartaric, succinic, lactic and acetic were among the end products of fermentation.     

复合乳酸菌发酵枸杞汁的工艺优化

以枸杞干果为主要原料,研究了肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)和植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)作为复合乳酸菌发酵剂对枸杞汁品质的影响,并采用响应面法对枸杞汁的发酵工艺进行优化,旨在开发一种富含功能因子的发酵枸杞汁,以提高枸杞产品的多样性。通过对发酵过程中pH、可溶性固形物、乳酸、蛋白质、总黄酮、总糖与乳酸菌菌落总数含量及感官指标进行测定分析,以乳酸含量和感官评分为评价指标,探讨发酵过程中枸杞汁品质的变化规律。结果表明,复合乳酸菌最佳发酵工艺条件为:肠膜明串珠菌:植物乳杆菌1:1,接种量5%,白砂糖加量5%,发酵时间10 h。其发酵枸杞汁pH4.01、可溶性固形物8%、乳酸342 mg/100 mL、蛋白质20 μg/100 mL、总黄酮410 mg/100 mL、总糖124 mg/100 mL、乳酸菌菌落总数2.1×108 CFU/mL,感官评分92.01分。所得复合乳酸菌枸杞汁发酵饮品组织均匀、口感细腻、酸甜适中、具有枸杞特有的滋味和芳香。     

Use of starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in the preparation of togwa,a Tanzanian fermented food

Starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus) and yeasts (Candida pelliculosa, Candida tropicalis, Issatchenkia orientalis and Saccharomyes cerevisiae) isolated from native togwa were tested singly or in combination for their ability to ferment maize-sorghum gruel to produce togwa. All species of bacteria showed an ability to ferment the gruel as judged by lowering the pH from 5.87 to 3.24-3.49 and increasing the titratable acidity from 0.08% to 0.30-0.44% (w/w, lactic acid) in 24 h. Yeasts used singly showed little activity within 12 h, but lowered the pH to 3.57-4.81 and increased the acidity to 0.11-0.21% in 24 h. Yeasts in co-culture with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) had a modest effect on the final acidity (P<0.05). The number of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts increased while the Enterobacteriaceae decreased with fermentation time. The pH was lowered and lactic acid produced significantly (P<0.05) fastest in natural togwa fermentation and in samples fermented by L. plantarum or L. plantarum in co-culture with I. orientalis. The content of fermentable sugars was reduced during fermentation. Most volatile flavour compounds were produced in samples from fermentation by P. pentosaceus and I. orientalis in co-culture with either L. plantarum or L. brevis.     

Efficacy of natamycin to control fungal growth in natural black olive fermentation

The effect of natamycin as a fungal control agent in natural black olive fermentation according to the traditional anaerobic system was studied. Black Conservolea olives were subjected to spontaneous fermentation in 8% (w/v) NaCl brine solution (control treatment) or brine supplemented with 0.01% (w/v) natamycin (active compound) for an overall period of 60 days. The changes in the microbial association (lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae), pH, titratable acidity, organic acids, and volatile compounds were monitored throughout fermentation. The initial microbiota consisted of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and Enterobacteriaceae. The addition of natamycin in the brine inhibited the growth of yeasts, without affecting the population dynamics of bacteria, resulting in a more vigorous fermentation with higher titratable acidity compared to spontaneous control process. Moreover, the presence of natamycin inhibited mould spoilage caused by the development of fungal mycelium on the surface of the brine during the traditional anaerobic fermentation system employed widely in Greece in natural black olive processing. Natamycin could be an important component of a processing system to control fungal growth in natural black olive fermentation and at the same time it has the potential to enhance the process by favouring the growth of the indigenous population of lactic acid bacteria against other competing microorganisms.