10种抗氧化剂在生物柴油中的抗氧化和油溶性能研究‍

利用Rancimat法测定了10种抗氧化剂在生物柴油中的抗氧化效果,又根据2010版《中国药典》规定的方法,在温度分别为0、10、20、30和40℃的条件下,对10种抗氧化剂在生物柴油中的油溶性能进行了研究,并测定了每种抗氧化剂的油溶性能随温度的变化规律。试验表明:10种抗氧化剂对生物柴油氧化稳定性均能起到一定的促进作用,但其在生物柴油中溶解能力较小。不同的抗氧化剂在生物柴油中的溶解能力差别很大,在20℃时,100 m L小桐子生物柴油中可溶解BHA 25.049 1 g,而溶解GA只有0.000 5 g,在此温度下,油溶性能由大到小排列分别为丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)二特丁基对苯二酚(D-TBHQ)焦性没食子酸(PA)没食子酸丙酯(PG)没食子酸辛酯(OG)抗坏血酸(VC)没食子酸甲酯(MT)L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(AP)没食子酸(GA)。抗氧化剂的油溶性能随着温度的升高而增大。     

不同抗氧化剂对生物柴油氧化稳定性影响研究

生物柴油氧化稳定性是产品的一个重要指标,影响产品的性能和发动机的使用寿命.本文研究四种抗氧化剂对棕榈油生物柴油和潲水油生物柴油氧化稳定性的影响,采用加速氧化测定法,比较样品的诱导期.在添加量为2 000 mg/kg时,丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)对提高潲水油生物柴油氧化稳定性效果最好,抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯(AP)对提高棕榈油生物柴油氧化稳定性效果最好.叔丁基氢醌(TBHQ)和二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)在总添加量为2 000 mg/kg,二者比例为1:1时,抗氧化效果比其他比例好,表现出较强的交互作用.     

8种生物柴油常温氧化稳定性的测定与优化研究

测定了小桐子生物柴油、菜籽油生物柴、葵花籽油生物柴油、大豆油生物柴油、玉米油生物柴油、花生油生物柴油、油茶籽油生物柴油和荠花油生物柴油在不同温度下的氧化诱导期,通过氧化诱导期与温度之间的关系,构建生物柴油氧化诱导期的预测模型,预测其在常温下的氧化稳定性;通过在生物柴油中添加抗氧化剂TBHQ、PG、BHA和BHT优化其常温氧化稳定性。结果表明：在110℃下,8种生物柴油的氧化稳定性较差,氧化诱导期均未达到6 h;小桐子生物柴油、菜籽油生物柴、葵花籽油生物柴油、大豆油生物柴油、玉米油生物柴油、花生油生物柴油、油茶籽油生物柴油和荠花油生物柴油在常温（20℃）下的氧化诱导期分别为635、2 598、730、2 151、2 425、5 192、2 330、470 h;添加抗氧化剂可以提升生物柴油的氧化稳定性。     

酚胺类抗氧化剂复配对生物柴油抗氧化性能影响研究

采用Rancimat法研究3种酚类抗氧化剂丁羟基茴香醚(BHA)、叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、没食子酸丙酯(PG)与3种胺类抗氧化剂四乙烯五胺(TEPA)、邻苯二胺(OPD)、二烷基二苯胺(ADPA)及其复配对菜籽油生物柴油诱导期的影响,并对其复配后协同抗氧化机理进行了分析。结果表明:菜籽油生物柴油的诱导期为2.03 h,达不到国家标准(6 h);6种抗氧化剂在添加量为0.4%时,抗氧化效果强弱顺序为TBHQTEPAPGBHAOPDADPA;酚类抗氧化剂与TEPA复配的抗氧化效果增加最明显,其次是酚类抗氧化剂与OPD复配,而ADPA与酚类抗氧化剂复配效果最差。     

没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂对不同植物油氧化稳定性能影响的研究

没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂是优化植物油脂氧化稳定性能主要添加剂,本论文制备了7种不同酯基结构的没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂并进行了红外光谱表征,分别研究了此7种抗氧化剂对21种植物油脂和地沟油的抗氧化效果。研究结果表明,21种植物油脂和地沟油的氧化稳定性能不同,且差别较大,其中蓖麻子油的氧化稳定性能最好,诱导期时间达到39.19h,最差的是牡丹籽油,诱导期时间为1.03 h,两者相差达到38倍。7种不同酯基没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂对21种植物油脂和地沟油的抗氧化效果十分明显,其中酯基不同的没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂对植物油脂的抗氧化效果不同,且差别较大,其中没食子酸丙酯(PG)对植物油脂的抗氧化效果最好。同一种没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂对不同植物油脂的抗氧化效果有所不同,差别也较大,如没食子酸甲酯(MT)使亚麻籽油抗氧化效果提高了8.23倍,而使蓖麻子油的抗氧化效果提高了1.5倍。支链酯基的没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂与直链酯基的没食子酸酯类抗氧化剂对植物油脂的抗氧化效果相差不大。     

不同抗氧化剂在饲用牛油中的效果比较

宠物食品一般在表面喷涂一些油脂以满足宠物对能量的需求,牛油是常用的油脂。为了防止牛油的氧化变质,实际生产中常会加入抗氧化剂而抑制其氧化。采用Schall烘箱法,以过氧化值(POV)为参考指标,探讨了没食子酸丙酯(PG)、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚(BHT)、叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、生育酚(VE)的抗氧化性及柠檬酸(CA)对它们的增效作用。结果表明:TBHQ对牛油具有良好的抗氧化效果,VE在添加量为0.05%时的抗氧化效果与添加量为0.02%的TBHQ相当;2种不同抗氧化剂复配后比单独使用的效果要好,且柠檬酸具有较好的协同增效作用。     

几种合成抗氧化剂对菜籽生物柴油的抗氧化作用

采用碱催化甲醇转酯化法制备菜籽生物柴油(RME),通过气相色谱法测定样品中脂肪酸甲酯的分布与含量,样品中脂肪酸甲酯总量达98%,符合欧盟生物柴油质量标准要求。在该RME样品中分别添加0.04%、0.08%、0.12%3个不同水平的TBHQ、BHT、BHT与BHA等量混合物3种不同的抗氧化剂,置于(63±2)℃的培养箱中,加速其氧化,定时取样检测样品过氧化值、酸值,考察上述3种抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果及其最适添加量。研究表明,对RME而言,不同种类的抗氧化剂有不同的最适添加量;添加量相同时,不同种类的抗氧化剂表现出不同的抗氧化效果,且在不同时期内其抗氧化效果有所差异;0.08%TBHQ对RME的抗氧化效果最好。     

抗氧化剂对杜仲籽油抗氧化性能影响的研究

采用Schaal耐热实验法,以过氧化值(POV)为指标,研究了温度、时间对杜仲籽油自氧化过程的影响及添加抗氧化剂对杜仲籽油抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,温度、时间对杜仲籽油的自氧化过程有显著影响,且温度的影响更明显;叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)对杜仲籽油具有良好的抗氧化效果,异VC和柠檬酸均对TBHQ与没食子酸丙酯(PG)复配而成的复合抗氧化剂表现出较强的抗氧化协同作用,异VC的抗氧化协同作用优于柠檬酸;添加0.02%TBHQ+0.005%PG+0.01%柠檬酸或0.02%TBHQ+0.005%PG+0.01%异抗坏血酸复合抗氧化剂,可使杜仲籽油在20℃条件下的预期贮藏时间从2个月延长至14～15个月。     

水酶法油茶籽油的抗氧化剂筛选

采用Schaal 烘箱加速氧化法对比研究4种抗氧化剂及其浓度对油茶籽毛油氧化稳定性的影响,并利用油脂氧化稳定性分析仪测定4种抗氧化剂及其浓度对油样的氧化诱导期的影响。在此基础上,将添加最佳抗氧化剂的油茶籽毛油与空白组(油茶籽毛油)及市售油茶籽油作对比,进行高温连续加热实验并测定油样过氧化值、酸价、p-茴香胺值。结果表明, 0.2 g/kg添加量的叔丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)抗氧化效果最佳,诱导期最长,为22.76h, 0.2 g/kg添加量的茶多酚棕榈酸酯的抗氧化效果次之,诱导期为15.65 h,但从抗氧化剂的安全性考虑,最终选择茶多酚棕榈酸酯为最佳抗氧化剂。高温连续加热的结果表明, 0.2 g/kg茶多酚棕榈酸酯的添加可有效提高水酶法制备的油茶籽毛油的品质。     

抗氧化剂与降凝剂对生物柴油性能的复合影响研究

以小桐子生物柴油为原料,研究了市场上常见的6种抗氧化剂和6种降凝剂复合作用对油样诱导期、凝点、运动黏度和热值的影响规律。结果表明:不同种类降凝剂对抗氧化剂的抗氧化效果影响较大,但影响规律与抗氧化剂种类无关,影响范围在5%以内;降凝剂与抗氧化剂对生物柴油凝点和运动黏度的复合影响较大,主要影响因素是抗氧化剂油溶性,油溶性好的抗氧化剂能够促进生物柴油凝点降低,但相应会增大运动黏度;降凝剂与抗氧化剂对生物柴油热值复合影响较小,影响因素主要是添加剂本身化学成分的热值高低;添加降凝剂可以提高生物柴油热值。     

Arsenic content of some edible mushroom species

The arsenic contents of 162 fruit body samples of 37 common edible mushroom taxa were analyzed. The samples were gathered from different habitats of Hungary (mainly from mountains) between 1984 and 1999. The arsenic content of the samples was measured by the inductively coupled plasma spectrometry method. Very low [lower than 0.05 mg/kg dry matter (DM)] concentrations were found in the samples of 13 taxa, while higher (or very high) contents were quantified in other common taxa (the highest arsenic content was recorded in the fruit body of Laccaria amethysthea at 146.9 mg/kg DM). The species of eight genera (Agaricus, Calvatia, Collybia, Laccaria, Langermannia, Lepista, Lycoperdon, Macrolepiota) belong to the so-called accumulating taxa, and this tendency is evident on all habitats. This arsenic accumulation capability is found in two orders of Basidiomycetes (Agaricales and Gasteromycetales), which is to say this phenomenon occurs in the families Agaricaceae, Tricholomataceae and Gasteromycetaceae. The accumulating taxa found all have a saprotrophic type of nutrition; arsenic accumulation is not detectable in xilophagous or in mycorrhizal species. The consumption of the accumulating species found has only a low toxicological risk for three reasons: the consumed fresh fruit bodies contain about a tenfold lower arsenic level than the dried ones, the majority of arsenic occurs not in poisonous inorganic, but in less dangerous (or not poisonous) organic forms, and the frequency of consumption is low.     

Organization and localization of the dnaA and dnaK gene regions on the multichromosomal genome of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

The Burkholderia multivorans strain ATCC 17616 carries three circular chromosomes with sizes of 3.4, 2.5, and 0.9 Mb. To reveal the distribution and organization of the genes for fundamental cell functions on the genome of this bacterium, the dnaA and dnaK gene regions of ATCC 17616 were cloned and characterized. The gene organization of the dnaA region was rnpA-rmpH-dnaA-dnaN-gyrB with a single consensus DnaA-binding box (TTATCCACA) between the rmpH and dnaA genes. This intergenic region, however, did not work as an autonomously replicating sequence in ATCC 17616. On the other hand, the gene organization of the dnaK region was grpE-orf1 (gene for thioredoxin homologue)-dnaK-dnaJ-pabB (gene for p-aminobenzoate synthetase component homologue). A putative heat-shock promoter that showed good homology to the sigma32-dependent promoter consensus sequence in Escherichia coli was found upstream of the grpE gene, suggesting that these five genes constitute an operon. In M9 succinate minimal medium the dnaJ mutant grew more slowly than the wild-type strain, indicating that this operon is functional. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analyses indicated that both the dnaA and dnaK gene regions exist as single copies on the 3.4 Mb chromosome.     

Susceptibility of stored product insects to high concentrations of ozone at different exposure intervals

Ozone is a highly reactive gas with insecticidal activity. Past studies have indicated that ozone technology has potential as a management tool to control insect pests in bulk grain storage facilities. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of short periods of exposure to high ozone concentrations to kill all life stages of red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella (Hübner)) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), adult maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and adult rice weevil (S. oryzae (L)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects were treated with six ozone concentrations between 50 and 1800 ppm. The specific objective was to determine minimal time needed to attain 100% mortality. The most ozone-tolerant stages of T. castaneum were pupae and eggs, which required a treatment of 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Eggs of P. interpunctella also required 180 min at 1800 ppm ozone to reach 100% mortality. Ozone treatments of 1800 ppm for 120 min and 1800 ppm for 60 min were required to kill all adult S. zeamais and adult S. oryzae, respectively. The results indicate that high ozone concentrations reduce the treatment times significantly over previously described results. Our results also provide new baseline information about insect tolerance to ozone treatment.     

Contamination with storage fungi of human food from Cameroon

In a mycological study, a total of 95 human food samples were investigated to evaluate the incidence of fungal contamination in Cameroon by conventional identification method and partly confirmed by DNA sequencing. The isolated fungal spp. were further studied to determine their toxigenic potentials. The investigation revealed the predominance of Aspergillus and Penicillium with 96% of samples contaminated with at least one species of these fungi, whereas the incidence of co-contamination of samples was 85%. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus (Flavi section) were the most predominant species contaminating mainly maize and peanuts. In addition, P. crustosum and P. polonicum were the most common contaminants belonging to the genus Penicillium. On the other hand, A. ochraceus (Circumdati section) registered a low incidence rate of 5%, including other members of the Aspergillus group. Other members of the genera Rhizopus and Alternaria spp. were also registered in the study. A majority of fungal strains of A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, P. crustosum and P. polonicum isolated were toxigenic, producing the mycotoxins tested for, while none was detected in cultures of A. fumigatus. The high incidence rate of fungi contamination coupled with their potentials in producing mycotoxins gives a strong indication that the samples tested may likely be contaminated with various mycotoxins. There is need for further study to assess the incidence of mycotoxins contamination in similar food samples.     

Assessment of the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces from kebab take-away restaurants in the United Kingdom

The purpose of this study was to establish the microbiological safety of salad vegetables and sauces served in kebab take-away restaurants. Comparison with published microbiological guidelines revealed that 4.7% of 1213 salad vegetable samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to Escherichia coli and/or Staphylococcus aureus levels at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹. Another 0.3% of salad samples were of unacceptable quality due to S. aureus at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹ (2 samples) or the presence of Salmonella Kentucky (1 sample). Cucumber was the most contaminated salad vegetable with regards to unsatisfactory levels of E. coli (6.0%) or S. aureus (4.5%). Five percent of 1208 sauce samples were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality due to E. coli, S. aureus at ≥10² cfu g⁻¹ and/or Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus spp. at ≥10⁴ cfu g⁻¹. A further 0.6% of sauce samples were of unacceptable quality due to Bacillus spp. (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus licheniformis) at ≥10⁵ cfu g⁻¹ or the presence of Salmonella Agbeni (1 sample). More samples of chilli sauce (8.7%) were of unsatisfactory or unacceptable microbiological quality than any other sauce types. The results emphasize the need for good hygiene practices in kebab take-away restaurants handling these types of ready-to-eat products.     

鸡源大肠埃希氏菌mcr-1基因携带及分析

目的 了解在农业农村部禁止使用多黏菌素作为动物促生长使用后四川部分地区鸡源大肠埃希氏菌（E.coli）mcr-1基因的携带情况,为制定进一步防控措施提供依据。方法 采集四川部分地区市场售卖点肉鸡直肠拭子,用含有多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的EC肉汤增菌接种含多黏菌素（终浓度4 μg/mL）的麦康凯平板,挑取可疑菌落,采用PCR方法鉴定菌株并检测mcr-1基因;微量肉汤稀释法测定mcr-1基因阳性菌株对临床常见抗菌药物耐药情况。脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）对mcr-1基因阳性菌株进行同源分析。耐药基因质粒结合实验验证mcr-1基因传播途径。结果 从70份肉鸡样本中的13份检出mcr-1基因阳性大肠埃希氏菌,检出率18.57%（13/70）,对实验的13种抗生素,除13株mcr-1阳性菌株对头孢西丁有12株敏感以外,对其他抗生素都表现出不同程度的耐药,其中四环素和甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲恶唑耐药率最高,达到了100%（13/13）;其次是氨苄西林和氯霉素,耐药率为84.62%（11/13）。PFGE显示13株mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌分属13个不同的型别;质粒结合实验显示mcr-1基因能够通过质粒传播。结论 mcr-1基因在鸡大肠内大肠杆菌中检测率比较高,且鸡大肠中mcr-1阳性大肠埃希氏菌的耐药情况比较严重。     

Formation of cereulide and enterotoxins by Bacillus cereus in fermented African locust beans

Afitin, iru and sonru are three spontaneously fermented African locust bean Benin condiments. The fermentation processes are exothermic, with temperatures mostly being above 40 °C. A total of 19 predominant Bacillus cereus isolates from afitin, iru and sonru, were investigated. The enterotoxin genes nhe (A, B, C) were present in all 19 isolates, the hbl (A, C, D) in one (afitin), and the cytK gene in three isolates (afitin). Levels of cytotoxicity to Vero cells and NheA production in BHI-broth was within the range of known diarrheal outbreak strains. Autoclaved cooked African locust beans inoculated with emetic (cereulide producing) B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF supported growth at 25, 30 and 40 °C with highly different maximum cereulide productions of 6 ± 5, 97 ± 3 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μg/g beans, respectively (48 h). For non-autoclaved cooked beans inoculated with 2, 4 and 6 log₁₀B. cereus Ba18H2/RIF spores/g beans, cereulide production was 5 ± 4, 64 ± 8 and 69 ± 34 μg/g beans, respectively at 24 h, while it was 70 ± 43, 92 ± 53 and 99 ± 31 μg/g at 48 h of fermentation at 30 °C. Even though high toxin levels were observed, to date there are no known reports on diarrhea or vomiting due to the consumption or afitin, iru and sonru in Benin, which also according to the present study is likely to be expected from the low levels of cereulide produced at 40 °C.     

Comparison of the most odour-active volatiles in different hop varieties by application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of a comparative aroma extract dilution analysis on the volatiles isolated from five different hops (Hallertau Perle, Hallertau Hersbrucker Spät, Slowenian Golding, Hallertau Smaragd, US Cascade) revealed linalool and myrcene with the highest Flavour Dilution (FD)-factors in all varieties, followed by 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 3-methylbutanoic acid and geraniol. Some odourants, however, showed high FD-factors only in certain varieties, for example, (5Z)-octa-1,5-dien-3-one and germacrene B in Hersbrucker Spät, (3E,5Z)-undeca-1,3,5-triene in Hersbrucker Spät and Cascade and nonanal in Cascade. The overall odour profile of the Cascade sample clearly differed from the other varietes, and was dominated by a black currant like odour note. The identification experiments revealed 4-methyl-4-sulfanylpentan-2-one, so far unknown as hop constituent, as key contributor to this odour. In addition, an odour-active undecatetraene was present, in particular, in Perle and Cascade. Synthesis and structural assignment of the four stereoisomers of (3E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene allowed the identification of the fresh, pineapple-like smelling compound as (3E,5Z,9E)-undeca-1,3,5,9-tetraene. Among the four isomers synthesised, this compound showed by far the lowest odour threshold of 0.01 ng/L in air.     

Developmental and population growth rates of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of stored-product insect pests

Phosphine resistance positively contributes towards an individual's fitness under phosphine fumigation. However, phosphine resistance may place resistant individuals at a fitness disadvantage in the absence of this fumigant, which can be exploited to halt or slow down the spread of resistance. This study aimed to determine if there is a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance in populations of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)), the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)) and the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)). The developmental rate and population growth of phosphine-resistant and -susceptible populations of these three species of stored-product insects were therefore determined under phosphine-free environment. The majority of the phosphine-resistant populations exhibited lower developmental and population growth rates than the susceptible populations indicating that phosphine resistance is associated with fitness cost in all three species, which can potentially compromise the fixation and dispersal of the resistant genotypes. Nonetheless, some phosphine-resistant populations did not show a fitness cost. Therefore, resistance management strategies based on suppression of phosphine use aiming at eventual reestablishment of phosphine susceptibility and subsequent reintroduction of this fumigant will be useful only for insect populations exhibiting a fitness cost associated with phosphine resistance. Therefore recognition of the prevailing phosphine-resistant genotypes in a region is important to direct the management tactics to be adopted.