B型婴儿肉毒中毒的实验室诊断

目的对1例疑似肉毒毒素中毒的婴儿病例灌肠液样品进行实验室检测并确证。方法对患儿的灌肠液样品进行肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌分离及肉毒毒素检测。结果患儿灌肠液样品TPGY培养物腹腔注射小鼠后可致小鼠出现类似肉毒毒素中毒表现(竖毛、呼吸困难并出现典型的蜂腰、四肢麻痹)继而死亡。培养物经胰酶处理后小鼠仍出现中毒并死亡,但培养物经100℃加热处理后再次染毒动物,小鼠不出现中毒和死亡。A、B、C、D、E、F六种混合型肉毒毒素诊断血清及B型单价肉毒毒素诊断血清可对小鼠起到保护作用。患儿灌肠液样品中分离到梭状芽胞杆菌,该菌经表型、生化、PCR肉毒毒素产毒基因鉴定,结果为产B型肉毒毒素的肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌。结论患儿疾病与B型肉毒毒素中毒相关。     

某企业婴儿肉毒中毒乳粉相关样品中肉毒梭菌的分离与分型

目的 对从某企业获取的30批次婴儿配方乳粉样品进行肉毒毒素和肉毒梭菌检测，对分离到的1株B型肉毒梭菌进行全基因组测序分析。方法 参照GB 4789.12—2016《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 肉毒梭菌及肉毒毒素检验》对样品进行肉毒梭菌分离及肉毒毒素分型实验；对分离到的菌株进行全基因组测序，并分析菌株的遗传特征。结果 30批次样品中均未检出肉毒毒素；将增菌液进行小鼠腹腔注射后，4批次乳粉样品出现了典型小鼠肉毒中毒症状，但仅从1批次乳粉样品中分离到肉毒梭菌。基因组测序分析显示，该菌为Ⅰ群B型肉毒梭菌，毒素基因簇为Ha型，毒素基因为B2亚型。结论 针对背景微生物复杂的婴儿配方乳粉中肉毒梭菌检测，不应以菌种分离作为金标准，而应以增菌液小鼠毒性实验结合肉毒抗血清保护实验作为确认方法。全基因组测序可对分离菌种进行精准鉴定和相关遗传特征分析，为中毒事件处理提供可靠的技术支撑。     

一起由食用家庭自制辣椒酱引起肉毒中毒的实验室诊断

目的 对1例疑似肉毒中毒病例的相关样品进行实验室检测。方法 参照GB 4789.12—2016对病例暴露食品样品（自制辣椒酱、咸菜、芝麻酱、卤猪蹄）和粪便标本进行前处理,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（PCR）检测样品/标本中肉毒毒素基因,通过动物试验进行毒素检测和型别确认,经接种疱肉培养基和TPGYT培养基增菌培养,采用血琼脂平板进行分离、纯化,并做菌种鉴定。结果 5份样品/标本经实时荧光定量PCR法检测,仅在自制辣椒酱样品中检测到A型肉毒毒素基因;通过动物试验进行毒素检测,在自制辣椒酱样品中检测到A型肉毒毒素,其他样品/标本中未检测到肉毒毒素;5份样品/标本中,从自制辣椒酱和卤猪蹄样品中均分离到A型肉毒梭菌。结论 该起中毒事件是由食用肉毒梭菌污染的家庭自制辣椒酱引起。     

昆明市首起由疑似肉毒梭菌引起食物中毒的实验室快速检测

目的快速查明昆明市一起疑似由肉毒梭菌引起食物中毒事件的病原菌的具体类别。方法根据GB4789.12-2016《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验肉毒梭菌及肉毒毒素检验》,样品在庖肉培养基中35℃厌氧增菌5 d后镜检,用2个不同生产厂家的肉毒梭菌实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)检测试剂进行检测并进行肉毒毒素分型。结果镜检符合典型的肉毒梭菌的特征,2个不同生产厂家的肉毒梭菌Real-time PCR检测结果均为阳性,且均检测出E型肉毒毒素。Real-time PCR检测只需在增菌后4～6 h的检测时间,即可得到结果,且无需进行菌体的纯化培养,鉴定时间节约至少96 h。结论此次事件为食用被E型肉毒梭菌及其毒素污染食品而引起的细菌性食物中毒事件,用Real-time PCR检测方法可对肉毒梭菌食物中毒事件作出快速判定。     

石家庄市肉毒梭菌在环境中的分布研究

目的:了解石家庄市肉毒梭菌在环境中的分布情况,为预防、诊断、治疗肉毒梭菌食物中毒提供科学依据.方法:按照地貌,均匀抽取8个县(市、区),采集土壤、食品和水3类样品,检测肉毒梭菌污染情况.结果:采集土壤、水、食品3类样品共350份,肉毒梭菌检出15份,检出率为4.3%,其中,12份为8型肉毒毒素,3份为A型肉毒毒素.发生过肉毒中毒的县(市、区)肉毒梭菌检出率高于未发生过的县(市、区)(P<0.05).山区与平原肉毒梭菌检出率差异无统计学意义.结论:石家庄市外环境中肉毒梭菌污染较以前严重,并且存在A型肉毒毒素.     

加拿大:不建议给1岁以下婴儿喂食蜂蜜

正婴儿肉毒中毒症非常罕见,对1岁以下婴儿可引起严重的症状,主要原因为进食含有肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌(简称肉毒梭菌)毒素污染的食物而引起的急性中毒性疾病。若不及时抢救,则病死率很高。肉毒梭菌存在于经加热杀菌及未经杀菌的蜂蜜中,因此,不要给1岁以下婴儿喂食蜂蜜是非常重要的。因肉毒杆菌孢子即使经加热(调理、蒸煮等)也难以杀灭,故同样不建议在婴儿用食品甜味剂中添加蜂蜜。     

谨防婴儿食蜂蜜中毒

有些父母在给未满一周岁的婴儿喂食蜂蜜后,突然发现婴儿出现哭声低微,无力吃奶,头无力抬起等现象.医学工作者对这类患儿粪便进行检验,结果分离出一种叫肉毒梭菌的细菌.这种细菌可以产生毒性很强的外毒素——肉毒毒素.这类症状,医学上取名为婴儿肉毒中毒症.这种病在婴儿突然死亡的情况中占4.3%.早期症状为便秘,可发生在其他症状前十～三周.最突出的症状     

四川省肉毒梭菌PCR基因分型方法比较研究

目的比较分析4种肉毒毒素(botulinum neurotoxins,Bo NT)基因分型方法,为四川省监测和食物中毒中肉毒梭菌(Clostridium botulinum)分型鉴定提供可靠的方法。方法使用本实验室保存的6株肉毒梭菌(包括A、B、E型)验证4种肉毒梭菌PCR基因分型鉴定方法——美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)多重PCR分型方法、国际标准化组织(ISO)的两种多重PCR分型方法和一种实时荧光PCR分型方法,比较方法间的差异,并初步分析差异原因。结果 3种多重PCR方法均可在一个反应中同时检测A、B、E 3种型别肉毒梭菌。ISO多重PCR方法 1中A型检测虽能获得预期条带,但结果条带不清晰。其余两种多重PCR方法在分型检测肉毒梭菌时,可获得清晰的预期条带。实时荧光PCR分型方法能在多重反应体系中同时检测到不同型的肉毒梭菌,但由于荧光标记相同,要获得分型结果需要分别检测各毒素型别。结论美国FDA多重PCR方法和ISO多重PCR方法 2操作较简单易行,可在四川省肉毒梭菌监测中推荐使用。     

生孢梭菌代谢产物对ICR小鼠的毒性研究

研究生孢梭菌代谢产物对ICR小鼠的毒性作用。方法 将分离自浓缩乳清蛋白粉及其制品样品中的生孢梭菌分别培养在庖肉肉汤及TPGY肉汤培养基中,将过滤除菌及处理后的培养液分别经灌胃和腹腔注射给予ICR小鼠,观察其中毒及死亡情况。结果 生孢梭菌培养液及处理后的培养液经腹腔注射ICR小鼠后均对其有毒性作用,中毒症状表现为小鼠急促呼吸后猝死,死亡时间多集中在10 min内,平均为5～7 min,A-F多价抗肉毒毒素诊断血清对小鼠无保护作用。结论 生孢梭菌代谢产物中含有不同于肉毒毒素的有毒代谢产物,腹腔注射可导致ICR小鼠猝死。     

肉毒梭菌的控制

肉毒梭菌分布广泛,其芽胞热抵抗力很强,其分泌的肉毒毒素致死力极强。目前对肉毒梭菌的检测与控制存在风险。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.