白汤酱油储藏期间褐变与美拉德反应的关系

白汤酱油在储藏期间会发生褐变并引起品质变化。以褐变指数为测定指标考察了温度、氧气和光照条件对白汤酱油色变的影响,并进一步分析了酱油褐变(褐变指数、色率、红色指数、色差等)与美拉德反应(氨基氮、总糖、还原糖和游离氨基酸等)的关系。结果表明:温度和氧气含量对白汤酱油的褐变反应影响较大,而光照影响不明显。褐变指数、色率和照度与储藏时间之间符合指数拟合方程。在储藏过程中,总氮基本不变,氨基氮、总糖和还原糖含量下降,p H、总酸升高;丙氨酸、甘氨酸、甲硫氨酸含量基本不变,酪氨酸含量增加,其他多数氨基酸含量呈下降趋势;葡萄糖含量降低,其他还原糖类变化缓慢。白汤酱油中含量最多的氨基化合物谷氨酸和羰基化合物葡萄糖间的美拉德反应对白汤酱油颜色影响最大。     

鱼蛋白水解液美拉德反应条件优化及反应前后氨基酸组成变化

以蛋白酶水解鳙鱼肉制得的蛋白水解液为对象,进行美拉德反应,获得具有酱香味的美拉德产物.通过单因素及正交试验得到的最佳反应条件是:pH 9.5、反应温度120℃、葡萄糖添加量0.15 g/mL、反应时间100min.硫胺素、维生素C对美拉德反应褐变程度及产物的气味会产生不利的影响.木糖的加入有利于美拉德反应褐变的产生,但高含量的木糖对产物气味有不利的影响.反应前、后氨基酸的分析结果显示,氨基酸变化明显的主要是:精氨酸(减少74.44％)、赖氨酸(减少65.50％)和酪氨酸(减少42.50％),说明这几种氨基酸是参与该美拉德反应产生酱香味的主要氨基酸.     

常用护色剂对水煮藕片品质的影响

为了探讨常用护色剂双氧水( H2O2)、亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)和次氯酸钠(NaClO)对水煮藕片褐变及生理品质的影响,以新鲜莲藕为试验材料,用护色剂H2O2、Na2 SO3和NaClO对水煮藕片进行了处理,并对其在储藏过程中总酚含量、还原糖含量、游离氨基酸含量、维生素C含量和5 -羟甲基糠醛(5- HMF)等生理指标以及明度L、总色度差△E、褐变度BI等色度指标的变化进行了测量.结果表明:H2O2、Na2SO3和NaClO都可以不同程度的抑制水煮藕片的褐变.H2O2和NaClO可以通过减轻美拉德反应的程度来抑制藕片的褐变;Na2SO3一方面可以降低维生素C的氧化分解速率,另一方面还可以减轻美拉德反应的程度,从而延缓水煮藕片的褐变.     

影响百合色泽变化因素的研究

百合在采后贮藏过程中会发生明显的褐变和紫红色变。根据影响果蔬色泽变化的主要因素:酶褐变、非酶褐变和色素变化,研究了百合采后贮藏过程中褐变度、还原糖、蛋白质、酸度以及多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等参数的变化规律及与百合色变的影响关系。研究结果表明:PPO和POD参与了百合酶促褐变过程并起着重要的作用;还原糖和蛋白质发生羰氨反应可能是引起百合的非酶褐变的原因;百合的紫红色变可能是由于无色花色素氧化转变成呈色花色素引起的。     

米糠多糖-乳清分离蛋白美拉德反应及其产物表征

目的：通过米糠多糖(rice bran polysaccharide,RBP)与乳清分离蛋白(whey protein isolate,WPI)非酶褐变反应,探究反应时间对美拉德反应的影响,开发一种新型乳化剂制备纳米乳液包埋脂溶性物质。方法：RBP与WPI在干热条件下反应不同的时间,以A_{294 nm}、褐变程度、色泽变化、游离氨基含量等的变化监控美拉德反应进程,对美拉德反应产物的分子质量、粒径、乳化活性、乳化稳定性、微观结构进行表征,并用美拉德反应产物制备大豆油纳米乳液。结果：A_{294 nm}、褐变程度、色泽变化及游离氨基含量的变化,表明混合体系发生了美拉德反应,且随反应时间的延长产物颜色变暗;美拉德反应产物分子质量为17 kDa;反应12 h时的产物粒径分布较为均匀;RBP接枝到WPI分子上显著提高了WPI的乳化活性和乳化稳定性(P<0.05);WPI-RBP(12 h)@纳米乳液比WPI@纳米乳液更稳定、粒径均匀,能抵抗酸性条件下和盐离子存在条件下对乳液的不利影响。结论：WPI与RBP间的美拉德反应有效改善了WPI的特性,可作为一种新型...     

干银鱼的褐变反应底物研究

银鱼是我国重要的经济鱼类,然而其干制品在加工和贮藏过程中极易发生褐变,影响产品的价值。研究采用85℃加热的方式加速干银鱼的褐变进程,对褐变反应的关键底物如葡萄糖、核糖、抗坏血酸及氨基酸等进行了测定。研究未检测到抗坏血酸和葡萄糖,核糖未随褐变发生明显变化,总氨基酸和游离氨基酸均呈下降趋势,褐变产物的荧光强度呈现上升趋势。因此可以判断氨基酸参与的美拉德反应是干银鱼褐变的重要原因,而葡萄糖、核糖和抗坏血酸并不是褐变的直接底物。     

酱油色泽的生成与生产工艺

酱油的色泽主要是来自氨基化合物和糖(特别是戊糖)的褐变反应。褐变反应可分为非酶的褐变反应和酶的褐变反应;非酶褐变反应又有非氧化加热褐变反应(非氧化褐变)及氧化褐变反应之分。根据目     

苹果浓缩汁非酶褐变动力学及影响因素

通过检测苹果汁的色值(T440nm)、褐变指数(A420nnm)、氨基态氮、5- 羟甲基糠醛含量等指标研究加工过程对苹果汁褐变的影响以及在不同贮藏温度(5、20℃和37℃)下苹果浓缩汁(70.5°Brix)的非酶褐变速率。3 个贮藏温度下的苹果浓缩汁褐变速率均符合一级反应动力学模式,而且高温情况下褐变更明显。随着贮藏时间的延长,氨基态氮含量明显下降而5- 羟甲基糠醛含量上升,尤其是贮藏在37℃的苹果汁这一变化更明显。5- 羟甲基糠醛与果汁褐变效应呈指数关系,可以说明苹果汁在贮存中的褐变主因是发生美拉德反应,而且氨基态氮含量与果汁褐变效应的线性关系也验证了这一结论。在果汁的初始加工过程中,破碎、压榨、酶解、超滤、前巴氏杀菌等单元操作中美拉德反应并不明显;吸附操作可以去除果汁中的氨基态氮以及其他色素物质;而其他操作过程如浓缩和后巴氏杀菌则促进了美拉德反应,导致果汁氨基态氮含量明显下降。     

扁实柠檬汁中维生素C对抑制梨汁褐变的初步研究

研究扁实柠檬汁中维生素C受温度影响降解的过程和对库尔勒香梨梨汁褐变的抑制作用。通过研究扁实柠檬汁贮藏过程中还原型维生素C和氧化型维生素C的降解与贮藏温度、贮藏时间的关系,建立降解动力学模型,通过正交试验了解扁实柠檬汁抑制梨汁褐变的最佳作用组合。研究证实扁实柠檬汁中维生素C对热不稳定,符合一级反应动力学,2%扁实柠檬汁添加量,在榨汁前添加,保持4℃的处理温度,0.2%Na Cl添加量是抑制梨汁褐变的最佳组合。研究结果可用于扁实柠檬汁贮藏温度的选择和贮藏期预测,也证实扁实柠檬汁是一种天然健康优良的果蔬褐变抑制剂。     

乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的制备及其理化性质

研究了干热法处理条件下乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的制备及其二级结构分析,为蛋白质-淀粉接枝物的研究提供参考。A294、褐变、游离氨基含量变化、电泳图谱等证实乳清分离蛋白与可溶性淀粉在干热处理下确实发生了以美拉德反应为基础的接枝反应,且反应天数的延长能够显著促进乳清分离蛋白-可溶性淀粉接枝物的生成。由于大分子淀粉的共价接入,乳清分离蛋白的二级结构遭到破坏;蛋白质表面疏水性指数降低。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.