不同食用植物油中维生素E组分及含量研究

通过对9个不同品种的138个食用植物油样品中维生素E组分及含量的测定,分析研究不同食用植物油中维生素E组分及含量的分布情况。结果表明:9个油脂品种、101个一级油样品中维生素E含量范围为5.9~1 246.6 mg/kg,平均值652.4 mg/kg,维生素E总量的平均值排序为大豆油棉籽油玉米油葵花籽油菜籽油米糠油花生油芝麻油山茶油;不同油脂样品中维生素E的组分有明显差别,米糠油含有最齐全的8种维生素E组分,并且生育三烯酚含量的平均值占维生素E总量平均值的44.2%;玉米油含有3种生育酚和2种生育三烯酚,棉籽油中含有3种生育酚和1种生育三烯酚,但这两种油脂中生育三烯酚含量平均值分别仅占维生素E总量平均值的5.8%和2.8%;大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、葵花籽油均含有α-、γ-、δ-生育酚3种组分;山茶油中含有α-、γ-生育酚2种组分;芝麻油仅含有γ-生育酚1种组分。除芝麻油之外,所有油脂中均含有α-生育酚和γ-生育酚,其中葵花籽油中α-生育酚含量最高,大豆油中γ-生育酚含量最高。同一油脂品种、不同等级的油脂中维生素E含量也存在差异,总体趋势是维生素E含量随油脂精炼程度的加深而降低,但个别二级菜籽油样品中维生素E含量低于一级菜籽油,这与所采集油脂样品的来源不同有关。不同油脂品种、不同等级的食用植物油中维生素E组分及含量因油料品种、油脂精炼工艺的不同显示出明显差异。     

橄榄油掺伪的气相色谱质谱鉴别方法研究

采用气相色谱质谱法测定了某品牌橄榄油、棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、葵花籽油的脂肪酸组成与含量,并采用聚类分析软件对其相似性进行了分析。实验模拟了掺假过程,向橄榄油中加入不同比例的低价值植物油包括棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、葵花籽油,初步建立了橄榄油掺伪鉴别的气相色谱质谱法。掺入低价值植物油后,肉豆蔻酸、α-亚麻酸、山嵛酸、反式亚油酸、花生酸、花生一烯酸等脂肪酸含量随着掺加比例的增加呈现线性上升趋势。根据上述脂肪酸指标含量进行判定,棕榈油、菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、葵花籽油最低掺假检出限分别为5.27%、5.61%、6.35%、4.53%、1.93%和9.21%。通过对不同植物油中其脂肪酸特征组分及含量的分析,可达到鉴别橄榄油掺假的目的。     

常见植物油中8种生育酚和生育三烯酚含量分析

工作采用正相液相色谱法,对13种、共计42个常见植物油样品中α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚和α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育三烯酚等8种维生素E组分进行了的测定。该工作对各油种按维生素E总量、生育酚总量、生育三烯酚总量和α-生育酚分别进行了排序,并对多种植物油中维生素E的组成特点进行了分析。     

食用植物油中生育酚和生育三烯酚检测方法的研究进展

维生素E是食用植物油中天然存在的抗氧化剂,主要包括α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚和相应的生育三烯酚等8种化合物。食用植物油中生育酚和生育三烯酚的组成及含量信息不仅可反映食用植物油的品质,还可用于鉴别其真伪。因此,建立食用植物油中生育酚和生育三烯酚的检测方法具有十分重要的意义。本文对食用植物油中生育酚和生育三烯酚检测方法的研究现状进行了综述,重点介绍了溶剂稀释、皂化和固相萃取等样品前处理技术,以及液相色谱、气相色谱和非水毛细管电泳等分析方法在食用植物油中维生素E测定中的应用。     

常见食用植物油中维生素E异构体含量调查研究

通过查阅国内外官方食物成分数据库,同时综合近年来国内对成品食用植物油中不同生育酚和生育三烯酚含量进行分析的文献,建立常见食用植物油维生素E异构体成分表。结果表明:国内外现有数据库中食用植物油种类及其生育酚和生育三烯酚数据均不全,且不同地区含量存在明显差异。通过对国内最新研究汇总,共收集22种合计659个常见食用植物油的α-、β-、γ-、δ-生育酚数据,同时收集17种合计183个食用植物油的α-、(β+γ)-、δ-生育三烯酚数据。生育酚广泛存在于植物油中,以α-生育酚和γ-生育酚为主,但不同植物油中含量情况存在明显差异;生育三烯酚主要存在于棕榈油、米糠油和葡萄籽油中,在其他植物油中分布很少。不同类型食用植物油的选择会明显影响人体活性VE总量和不同异构体的摄入情况,目前国内外食用植物油VE异构体数据库有地区差异且均不能覆盖目前常见的食用植物油种类,更新常见成品食用植物油VE数据库很有必要。     

3种油脂在煎炸过程中维生素E组分及理化指标变化研究

研究了葵花籽油、菜籽油、花生油在连续煎炸油条过程中维生素E含量及酸值、过氧化值、碘值等理化指标的变化情况。结果表明:3种油脂在32 h煎炸过程中维生素E含量皆随时间的延长而降低,煎炸初始时维生素E总量的排序为菜籽油(48.50 mg/100 g)葵花籽油(32.33 mg/100 g)花生油(19.56 mg/100 g),损失率分别为86.5%、64.9%及95.7%,不同油脂中维生素E的特征组分不同,葵花籽油的特征组分为α-生育酚、α-生育三烯酚和β-生育酚;菜籽油的特征组分为α-生育酚、γ-生育酚和δ-生育酚;花生油的特征组分为α-生育酚、β-生育酚和γ-生育酚;3种油脂的酸值随时间的延长而升高,碘值随时间的延长而降低;葵花籽油和花生油的过氧化值随时间的延长呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,而菜籽油的过氧化值逐渐升高。     

食品抗氧化剂及其进展(四)

4.5 生育酚类天然生育酚（维生素E）有α、β、γ、δ、ε、ζ、η七种同系物,以前四种为主,主要存在于大豆等中。另有生育三烯酚,也有α、β、γ、δ四种同系物,主要存在于米糠油、椰子油等中。在90℃下对猪油的抗氧化能力依次为：δ-生育三烯酚＞δ-生育酚＞γ-生育三烯酚＞γ-生育酚＞β-生育三烯酚＞β-生育酚＞α-生育三烯酚＞α-生育酚。作为商品,绝大多数是生育酚类而很少生育三烯酚类。将各种生育酚与猪油均质后在60℃保温箱中的比较结果见图6（图中数字为加入量mg/kg）〔16〕。各种天然生育酚对猪油抗氧化效果比较各种生育酚…     

食品抗氧化剂及其进展（四） Food-Anti-oxidant Develop

4.5 生育酚类 天然生育酚（维生素E）有α、β、γ、δ、ε、ζ、η七种同系物,以前四种为主,主要存在于大豆等中。另有生育三烯酚,也有α、β、γ、δ四种同系物,主要存在于米糠油、椰子油等中。在90℃下对猪油的抗氧化能力依次为：δ-生育三烯酚＞δ-生育酚＞γ-生育三烯酚＞γ-生育酚＞β-生育三烯酚＞β-生育酚＞α-生育三烯酚＞α-生育酚。作为商品,绝大多数是生育酚类而很少生育三烯酚类。将各种生育酚与猪油均质后在60℃保温箱中的比较结果见图6（图中数字为加入量mg/kg）〔16〕。     

7种食用植物油物性及氧化稳定性评价

对国内7种食用植物油的脂肪酸组成、总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇、苯并(a)芘、黄曲霉毒素B1、3-氯丙醇酯含量、氧化稳定性指数(OSI)等指标进行测定分析。结果表明:这7种食用植物油不饱和脂肪酸含量均较高(78.29%~91.92%),但不同油的脂肪酸组成比例各不相同,不饱和脂肪酸、其中单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高的分别为菜籽油(91.92%)、油茶籽油(80.44%)和葵花籽油(61.18%);微量活性成分中,菜籽油的总酚含量最高,为139.83 mg/kg;大豆油、菜籽油、玉米油中γ-生育酚含量较高,葵花籽油、米糠油中α-生育酚含量较高,大豆油生育酚含量最高,为1 129.21 mg/kg;不同油中植物甾醇均以β-谷甾醇为主,米糠油、玉米油中植物甾醇含量较高,分别为10 705.8 mg/kg和8 596.7 mg/kg;危害因子中,只有少数食用植物油检出苯并(a)芘和黄曲霉毒素B1,且含量均符合国家相关标准规定;菜籽油、葵花籽油、大豆油、花生油中3-氯丙醇酯总量较低,均小于1.0 mg/kg;菜籽油、大豆油的氧化稳定性指数(OSI)较高,葵花籽油、油茶籽油的较低,且与总酚含量呈极显著正相关。     

生育酚与生育三烯酚在油脂中稳定性研究

为研究油脂中生育酚(tocopherols,T)与生育三烯酚(tocotrienols,T_3)在高温和加速氧化条件下的稳定性,使用棕榈油、大豆油和小麦胚芽油配制成含有8种生育酚与生育三烯酚的调和油。测试棕榈调和油脂中生育酚与生育三烯酚在100℃、150℃、180℃和200℃的热稳定性,并使用Rancimat仪测试生育酚与生育三烯酚在25℃、100℃、110℃、120℃下的加速氧化稳定性。结果表明:随着温度的升高和时间的增加,生育酚与生育三烯酚的损失率变大,在150℃以上高温氧化时8种生育酚与生育三烯酚损失率排序为δ-Tβ-Tα-Tγ-Tδ-T_3β-T_3α-T_3γ-T_3。100℃高温氧化及100℃、110℃、120℃加速氧化条件下,8种生育酚与生育三烯酚的损失率顺序为δ-Tδ-T_3γ-Tβ-Tγ-T_3β-T_3α-Tα-T_3。在25℃加速氧化6 h,生育酚与生育三烯酚几乎无损失,而在100℃、110℃下加速氧化6 h,生育酚与生育三烯酚的总损失率分别为45.25%、97.32%,说明油脂中生育酚与生育三烯酚在低温下加速氧化时稳定性较好,温度大于100℃后,加速氧化时损失速度明显加快。本研究为减少油脂中生育酚与生育三烯酚的损失提供参考。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.